Skin Facts

The skin is the largest organ of the body. On the average person, the skin is approximately 3000 square inches and weighs approximately seven pounds. While the eyes are the â€Å"windows of the soul†, the skin is the â€Å"window to the body† because it is the only organ that can be seen. The skin contains 25% of the body’s blood supply, which flow completely through the skin once every minute. The skin is the body’s largest organ of immunity. It is the body’s first line of defence, the boundary where self is designed from non-self, yet it is highly interactive with the environment. Anatomy of Normal Skin Approximately 50% of the body’s primary cells of immunity are housed in the skin at any minute. After puberty, these cells are matured in the skin. The skin is biodynamic, alive up to the stratum corneum the only barrier the skin has to the outside world. The stratum corneum is less than the thickness of one human hair. In one square inch of the skin there are 2800 openings for sweat and oil glands. Over three million sweat glands cover the body, contributing to one of the skin’s many nicknames, the third kidney. In one day, skin will release one to several millilitres’ of water. As we get older, these sweat glands produce less perspiration. Skin perspires, what some people mistakenly call breathing. It takes in about 2. 5% of the body’s oxygen and releases about 3% carbon dioxide. In general, the skin does not breathe from outside oxygen. It works on anaerobic metabolism through our lungs. The skin is a bio-conversion factory. It is the largest hormone and enzyme producing organ of the body. Two distinct layers make up the skin. The epidermis, which covers and protects and the dermis, supports the epidermis and connects it to the underlying muscles. It acts as a heat regular in conjunction with the blood stream and perspiration glands. When the body is exposed to too much heat, there is a rush of blood to the surface of the skin, permitting it to cool. At the same time, the perspiration glands secrete liquid to aid in the process. Sensory erception occurs in the skin, preventing damage to its ability to feel heat and/or cold, giving pleasure by the same ability to feel such things as the smoothness of satin of the softness of down. There is delayed light screening by means of melanin’s reaction to light. Melanin is a dark pigment found in the skin. It is the area where both sebum and perspiration production take place and where these two combine on the surface to form a protective film (acid mantle) which renders the skin less vulnerable to damage and attack by environmental factors (e. . sun, wind, bacteria) and less prone to dehydration. â€Å"pH† is a chemist’s term standing for â€Å"potential of hydrogen† and is used to describe the degree of acidity or alkalinity in the acid mantle of the skin or in a product. It is measured on a scale ranging from 0-14. The centre of the scale, 7, is neutrality (neither acid nor alkaline). A reading above 7 indicates that the substance being measured is alkaline; below 7, acid. As far as the skin is concerned, a normal pH (or normal Acid Mantle) is in the range of 4. 2 to 5. 6. It will vary from one part of the body to another and generally speaking, the pH of a man’s skin is lower (more acid) than of a woman’s. The Chemical Composition of the Skin: Water70. 0% All percentages are approximate, Protein25. 5%as water may range from 60% to 70%. Lipids2. 0% Trace Minerals0. 5% All Other2. 0% There are three main skin layers: †¢The Subcutis contains fat cells and Lipocytes which make lipids. †¢The Dermis contains nerves, blood vessels, sebaceous glands and sweat glands and consists mainly of collagen & elastin. †¢The Epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. The skin, and in fact our whole body, is composed of many different types of cells. These cells have the same fundamental chemical composition but they vary in size, shape and function. The cells that comprise the outer layer of the skin are themselves a series of many layers that overlap each other, thus ensuring that cellular or other fluids cannot escape from the body via the skin except through a cut or break, or by means of special escape routes: the pore of follicles. The outer surface of the skin is comprised of flattened dead cells. Underneath however, there are living cells, which are somewhat fuller, and the deeper one goes into the skin, the fuller and rounder the cells become. At the bottom of all the layers, there is a row of cells, which are the ones that are always growing and in the process, pushing other cells upward, the cells become flattened as they are emptied of their natural fluid through pressure and dehydration. This normal process of shedding and renewal takes about 30 days (which means that after a cell is born in the bottom layer, it ends up on the surface of the skin, dead and ready to shed). The number of things the skin does for us is incredible. It covers us (epidermis and dermis), helps us keep warm (fatty layer), cools us off (sweat glands), keeps itself supple (oil glands) provides ultraviolet ray protection (melanin cells, registers our sense of touch (nerves), and is ornamental (hair, eyelashes, nails). Over time, dead protein cells can build up and block sebaceous and sudoriferous glands. This causes disturbances in the skins pH levels, normal rhythm and proliferation.

Mental Behavioral Case Study Essay

A lady came into the emergency room, she felt as though she had maybe had a stroke. We started to ask her questions, we asked her how long she had been feeling this way and she told us five days. She was then ask, what some of her symptoms were. She began to tell us that she was preparing for a weekend in Vegas when she noticed that her left I started to jump, she thought nothing of it. It the jumping persisted, it continued to annoy her. The woman began to say that she carried on with her plans. She then notice that her eyebrows would not move on that side and that her taste was different. Her tongue began to feel numb as well. She began to cry because she really felt as though she had a stroke and why did she not have any symptoms or any illnesses that could provoke it to happen. She said that what really made her come in was that her mouth began to twist and her eye drooped. Then the doctor asked her questions about her last time she gave birth or maybe a sinus infection or something that dealt with her stressing. She then told the doctor that she had a baby about 5 months ago. Then the doctor told her since it has been about five days you are a lucky young lady. I don’t believe this is a stroke, â€Å"I think that this is Bell’s palsy. I then told her not to worry it was still in the primary stages and that I would need to put her on a steroid and a antibiotic to help her get better. I then began to tell her that she was lucky she came when she did because some people stay with Bell’s palsy without ever getting it corrected. She then asked me what Bell’s palsy is. I explained to her that Bell’s palsy is a form of temporary facial paralysis resulting from damage or trauma to the facial nerves. The facial nerve-also called the 7th cranial nerve-travels through a narrow, bony canal called the fallopian canal in the skull , beneath the ear, to the muscles on each side of the  face. I then explained to her that the disorder, which is not related to stroke, is the most common cause of facial paralysis. Generally, Bell’s palsy affects only one of the paired facial nerves and one side of the face, however, in rare cases, it can affect both sides. I then went on to tell the patient that Bell’s palsy afflicts approximately 40,000 Americans each year. It affects men and women equally and can occur at any age, but it is less common before age 15 or after age 60. It disproportionately attacks people who have diabetes or upper respiratory ailments such as the flu or a cold. I told her that it can occur after pregnancy as well. I then said to her that some people that are affected by the disease their family has to be supportive because some people have after effects or may not have caught it in time like she did to have the chance to have their feeling come back into their face. This affects them in society because people are cruel and it can also affect being able to work or define what you can and can’t do in your life. It also will affect the ability to eat, due to the numbness of your tongue. I then told her that she had nothing to worry about she was going to be okay and she did the right thing by coming into the ER when she did just take her medications and she would soon see her smile again. We then gave her some information and websites that she could look at dealing with the disease. This would be able to help her and give her support to deal with what she was going through. I then let her know that I too have had bells’ palsy and if I could get my smile back so can she. She left the office feeling a little better knowing that her stage of disease was primary and that it was treatable. Mental Behavioral Case Study HCS/245 Kristene Diggins November 8, 2014 Jamikka Waremercer

United States Constitution

In the introduction of the book They Take our Jobs! : and 20 other myths about immigration written by Aviva Chomsky, Chomsky picks apart the words in the United States Constitution to support her belief that although immigrants, specifically Latino/Hispanic immigrants, are a large part in today’s U. S. society, they still do not have any rights or protection from the laws of the Constitution. She states that many of the arguments against immigrants in the United States stem from â€Å"serious misconceptions† that have been rooted from history up until present day.The view that immigration only brings about more problems and segregations for the host country has been on-going in history. When it comes down to it, a simple analogy could be made: it is difficult for the citizens or â€Å"homeowners† to be forced to house immigrants or â€Å"strangers† in their own country or home. This idea is then exaggerated and made extreme when times are tough or the peop le of the United States need a scapegoat to put their problems or the government/societal issues on.The finger is pointed at the group of outcasts—immigrants. They are easy targets. Easy because immigrants who are non-citizens are â€Å"legally deprived† of many rights the U. S. Constitution provides for citizens. What many fail to realize, as pointed out in Chacon’s Introduction in No One is Illegal is that immigrants who are here, working, living, and building a life here in the United States contribute a great deal to the overall economy and working class.They take part in the jobs that require heavy manual labor and provide the basic jobs for many large corporations in the United States at minimum wage. Rest assured, it is probable that many of their jobs should be compensated at a higher pay for the type of work they are doing, since most are jobs that many of the middle and higher class citizens cringe at when they think about it. I have speculated that th e amount of wage pay or salary today is based upon one’s credentials or experience rather than the manual load or extremities of the job at hand.This correlates to the jobs that many immigrants take on, they do a lot of work for little pay. They work for huge well known corporations and provide the labor needed to keep production at a particular rate. When times are tough and jobs are difficult to find, like right now, the blame is put upon the immigrants who hold these types of jobs. It is said that â€Å"they stole our jobs† and that is why we are unemployed and out of work. However, when looking at the core of the problem, it is not that the immigrants are ith jobs but rather the fact that the higher salary paying jobs and higher wage paying jobs are being let go first due to the downward economy and replaced with other persons who may be less qualified but could still complete the job and task at hand. As discussed, immigrants are a big part of today’s †Å"world† and the fact that they lead their daily lives just as a citizen would, immigrants are still not granted certain simple rights a newborn child is given at birth in the United States due to biases, beliefs and judgments based on history classes, politicians, and the media.

FITT principle Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FITT principle - Assignment Example Cardiovascular fitness however, involves activities like walking, biking, skating, jogging as well as rowing. These activities in turns strengthen the heart and lungs of human being and hence; the muscles become more efficient due to availability of enough oxygen. In addition, the activities involved during cardiovascular fitness increases the amount of blood pumped per heartbeat hence; lowering resting heart rate up to an average of 72 BPM. Normal functioning and working of the heart depends on the resting heart rate and when it is low it enable the heart to function well and that why Cardiovascular fitness becomes an essential component of life (Dennis, McCully and Juris, 13-19.). Nevertheless, during cardiovascular fitness process, Aerobics which is an exercise under the process results into long term activity usually termed as cardiovascular endurance. This term is also known as cardio-respiratory endurance and it is the ability of the body of a human being is able to work continuously for a given absolute time frame. The practitioners however, have availed that cardio-respiratory endurance increases ones chances of living longer here on earth since it is a channel of healthier life. In addition, when one fails to engage into cardiovascular fitness, he or she may be affected by cardiovascular diseases such as type2 diabetes and obesity. In adhering to the health principle, one needs to understand the importance of FITT principles which brings about benefits to the health of your heart. The table below illustrates different FITT principles that give us an overview as far as the issue of body health is concerned. It is standardized that maximum cardiovascular benefits are accomplished when one engages into an exercise three to five times per week. This leads to improvement of general fitness but at times one may be engaged

Marketing Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Principles - Essay Example These approaches include effective competition through production of superior commodities cost effectively. Key marketing activities involves identifying exceptional consumer needs and tailoring products or services that will best serve their needs (Nellis & Parker, 2006, p). Therefore, producers should scrutinize the available market and identify deficiencies in order to design unique product for that specific market or create a new market for the available products. The marketers should ensure they design goods for specific groups because different people have different requirements for the same products. The products should be designed differently in terms of colour, packaging, size and pricing among other features to meet varying consumer tastes (Fuller, 1997, p.13). For example, Wilkinson has different products for different categories of consumers. This enables them to cover wider market and make greater revenue due to increased sales. Similarly, by designing their products dif ferently, the company is able to satisfy the needs of different clients more effectively. Marketers design marketing activities to satisfy different aspects of consumers needs. These include Products, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Positioning and packaging (Parkin, 2002, p.6). Consumers buy products and services for various reasons and for different purposes. Marketers should understand the needs for consumers in order for them to sell those commodities which consumers want most. They should carryout informative campaign to let consumers know that the products they require are available, and at what price, how to use them (Hill, 1998, p.13). The promotion activities should aim to influence consumer conduct by making them feel that certain product is capable of satisfying a specific need which other products from different sellers are not able to satisfy. Wilkinson has been facing stiff rivalry from other retailer in UK especially supermarket. They have reacted to this rivalry by designing new products for different market (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). Their main targets today are students hence they are designing products which are more appealing and preferred by students (Dicken, 1998, p. 5). The marketers should ensure the product or services they offer are within the proximity of the potential consumers. For example, in Business Case Studies LLP (2013), Wilkinson has established their outlets close to learning institutions to ensure that students are able to get their products near their institutions when they need them. Wilkinson products are lowly priced to ensure they overcome rivalry and entice the student population in their business. Those products are attractively package to appear presentable to student consumers. Companies should develop different approaches to create, sustain and expand the market of their commodities in order to overcome their rivals in the same market. To achieve this, companies should ensure they have a wide range of co nsumer products in the market in order to win clients from different backgrounds. Wilkinson reacts to varying consumer needs as a retailer of various commodities like food, home, garden, office, and health and beauty products (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). They sell groceries and supermarket goods to ensure clients get varieties of consumer goods under one roof. When developing a

Human Relations Direct Measure Assessment Coursework

Human Relations Direct Measure Assessment - Coursework Example Self-esteem is the affective or emotional aspect of self and generally refers to how we feel about or how we value ourselves (one's self-worth) (Purkey 1988). A. Considering the fact that Pat is extremely punctual, it is obvious that he sees himself as a hard and diligent worker. He also sees himself as a likeable person because he enjoys working in an office environment because of the social opportunities that are available. That being said, Pat also sees himself as a good parent, watching children’s shows (probably to regulate the content his children are exposed to) and attending their soccer games. This is one of the traits which he sees as differentiating him from the rest of his co-workers. B. The above mentioned characteristics are also responsible for Pat’s relatively low self esteem at the workplace. Because his tastes, choices and priorities differ from those of his co-workers, Pat feels incompatible with the rest of the group. Also, due to this incompatibilit y, Pat has a negative attitude towards socializing in the office. Considering that he would like to befriend Chris but is reluctant to initiate a conversation shows that he has very little confidence in being able to forge a bond with anybody. He does not like the fact, but feels helpless to change it. He feels like a complete outcast and is disappointed at his own social ineptitude. C. Self efficacy is simply a person’s conviction or confidence of succeeding in a particular situation. Pat obviously has a low self efficacy, since he does not believe himself capable of intermingling with his co-workers. He avoids challenging tasks, focuses on his negative properties and loses confidence very fast. However, there are some simple strategies that can be used to Bolster his confidence and improve his self esteem. i. One way of building up self efficacy is by helping the person encounter success in tasks that have been elusive to him or her hitherto. Small and frequent conversation s initiated by co-workers would do wonders to his confidence. Also, if he ventured out of his comfort zone without concentrating on the outcome, and portrayed a confident demeanor, he would be successful and regain his lost confidence. ii. Another way of building up confidence it for him to observe other people (possibly like him) succeed at the task. This would make him realize that the task is not impossible and in turn improve his self efficacy. iii. Verbal encouragement by people close to Pat would also help build up the conviction that he is worthy of socializing with his co-workers. This would give him the confidence to befriend Chris, which would in turn build up his self esteem. 2. Case Scenario # 2 – Stress, in the simplest sense, is a reaction by the body to a hostile environment. This can have psychological and physiological manifestation as has been seen in the case mentioned. A. Kyle’s experience on the expressway, coupled with his anxiety over the meeting , likely produced a number of physiological reactions. The headache he has when he arrives at the meeting is one of these reactions by his body. The tension on the commute as well as anxiety about the meeting might also have initiated tremors and shaking or nervous twitching, tapping or fiddling with random objects. It is also very likely that Kyle would be sweating when he arrived at the meeting owing to the stress he is under. B. The stress of the long commute to work as well as his tardiness also probably produced a number of psychological reactions to the stress in Kyle. One such possible reaction would be constant flashbacks of the driver cutting him off and the long wait in the traffic. Another

Tourists decision-making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourists decision-making - Essay Example Tourists’ decision-making Tourism experience motivates the ability, desire, style and quantity of tourism. These experiences ought to influence the future development and growth of tourism. They consist of sights, encounters, on-site activities, collecting of souvenirs and some sensations like. The tourism experiences should make the visit of the tourist memorable. Tourism experience involves services of a wide range such as transportation, accommodation and insurance. It also requires financial services, marketing and information in order to produce the requirements that are needed for tourism experience. The experiences help the tourists to know more about that destination. They should offer more information, adventure, relaxation and whatever else the tourists might require. Therefore, they should provide entertainment and excitement, as it is demanded. Entertainment, leisure and tourism industries have the responsibility of providing the satisfaction of tourism experience. The experiences are the driving force for leisure and tourism consumption. Tourists have a variety of tourist experiences to choose from. They are usually in need of a different experience from the normal. Some tend to distance themselves from their normal live and everything related to that and free themselves to experience the change and interact with new people.They should plan their tour depending on their expectations and what motivates them to choose the experience. Tourists should have a clear understanding of the activities that they would be involved in during the visit. The visit is expected to offer tourism experience that will be full of treasured memories and give total satisfaction. The purchase of a tourism experience is mainly influenced by the interest of the tourists. It can also be influences by self and cultural confidence. A tourist can be driven to purchase a tourism experience that involves discovering about a certain culture. This means that it would involve l earning about local or traditional foods of a culture. Having a taste of different foods is fun and interesting. The tourist was motivated to choose a destination depending on the attractions and activities of that region. Another motivation could be the desire for thing that are more authentic. Local foods are authentic and a symbol of the culture and region of a destination. This tourism experience

Digital investigation in the organisation Essay

Digital investigation in the organisation - Essay Example Different models of operation used depend on the complexity of the situation (Marshall, 2009). Digital investigations arise as a result of an occurrence suspected, attempted or actual in an organization. The occurrences can be triggered by internal and external factors and can cause considerable damage or loss to an organization directly or indirectly. For instance a. Abuse of the organizations resources such as internet b. Fraud and distortion c. Unauthorized access by employees d. Sexual harassment or display of indecent or pornographic material e. Breach of contracts f. Departmental misuse g. Security breach A contingency plan should be devised to mitigate such incidences. A framework formulated will prepare for both low frequency/high impact as well as high frequency/low impact events in the organization. This paper details investigation procedure at Salford university school of computing science and Engineering. Our case study will focus on server intrusion in the university sch ool department. An incident of server intrusion to the university system occurred, and a contingency plan formulated to authenticate the suspicion, respond and analyze the incident. Due to the delicate nature of digital evidence improper handling may lead to damaged or compromised data. The idea of having to start an investigation in this department can lead to a crisis. Proper procedures need to be laid down to manage the crisis. There are general questions, which the CFA will need to address in order to carry out the investigation successfully. a) Who should the initial suspicions or observations be reported? b) Access of quality evidence? c) Identification and acquisition of relevant digital evidence? d) How the university can operate effectively during the period of investigation without creating a crisis which might be worse than the one investigated? e) The legal obligations of the university needed during the investigation and association with external law enforcement agencie s f) The role of management in determining the direction of the investigation and the possible incidence of biasness. A digital investigation divided into different stages according to the model adopted. Researchers at the U. S. Air Force studied various models and came up with common characteristics that characterize these models. They then incorporated them in a single model known as Abstract Process Model. It contains different phases; this model has 17 phases classified into 5 major groups (Gilbert Peterson, 2009). a. Preparation b. Deployment c. Physical crime scene d. Digital crime scene e. Analysis The data flow diagram above show a simplified process of forensic investigation. The first stage involves a number of activities. First, the computer or the system to be investigated should be on. If the student uses password, then the CFA has to look for a way to open it. There is a universal password that opens locked computers without tempering with the files. The second stage i nvolves application of different forensic tools to retrieve data from the computer memory. The tools used should enable the CFA to retrieve deleted data from the recycle bin. During this process, the computer being investigated should be cordoned. The third stage involves application of different physical investigation models to the computer. These include taking the finger prints on the keyboard and mouse. Any other information that may help the CFA is taken. Before the information is analyzed, the forensic expert should check the accuracy, integrity and

Inelastic scatttering of neutrons or x rays by phonons Essay

Inelastic scatttering of neutrons or x rays by phonons - Essay Example The instrument used to measure this form of X ray scattering is called a TOF chopper spectrometers. Inelastic scattering essentially involves the interaction between neutron and phonons and the exchange of energy and momentum that takes place. The Inelastic Neutron Scattering can be represented by the following double differential equation ( Loong Chun, 2006) Here, the scattering function S (Q, E) is directly related to the space-time correlation functions that exist between particles or the space-time constraints of the particle itself. Coherent Inelastic Scattering This involves addition of both energy and momentum. A coherent scattering experiment provides details about the frequency and space configurations of phonons. The phonons can be quantified as the vibrations of ions in their respective positions of equilibrium. The experiment manages in measuring the static and dynamic factors of both the core electrons and the electrons located in the outer periphery. These x ray diffrac tion experiments provide information regarding the behaviour of quantum liquids. The speed of sound in water which is function of its temperature can be ascertained using this experiment. Further density variations of fluids with temperature changes and the corresponding arrangements of ions structurally also form part of the inelastic scattering process. ... Further the Born-Von Karman analysis provides relationship between force constants and the dispersions. (Loong Chun, 2006) Dispersion curves thus plotted using this relation provide information regarding the phonon density. This is critical in measuring thermodynamic specifics like vibration entropy and specific heat of materials.( Loong Chun, 2006) The INS Instrument-Crystal Mono-chromators and Choppers The INS instrument is capable of performing very precise measurements and calculating S (Q, E) to its absolute units. It is very critical to calculate the total energy interaction that occurs when scattering takes place. An energy filter placed at a certain collimated solid angle is used to allow these low energy scattered neutrons to pass through it. (Veenendaal M van et al, 2010) This utilizes two methods to assess the process. One involves a direct geometry which utilizes a combination of fixed incident energy and variable scattered energies. The other uses inverse geometry combin ing variable incident energy and fixed scattered energy. The coherent inelastic x ray spectrometer uses a mono-chromator of high energy that is utilized as the source. The analyzer is formed by a curved Si crystal. A nested crystal that is formed by a combination of Si (4 4 0)-(15 11 3) forms the mono-chromator. A Diced Silicon crystal of bending radius 6m with a combination of (18 6 0) forms the analyzer. The energy resolution obtained in this exercise is 2meV while the momentum transferred is 5A-1. The energy of the photons that are used to impact initially is in the range of 21.657 keV. (Loong Chun, 2006) Source: Phonon dispersion measurements in Berrylium along (0 0 ?) direction for the longitudinal phonons for ? values indicated for each spectrum,

Passage Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Passage Analysis - Essay Example Poe then allows the reader to imagine what the rest of the "evidence" is on "her emaciated frame". It is as if the reader is seeing her for the first time along with the characters. She is just a "frame" rather than a body, seeming more dead than alive and more terrible in her aspect because of it. The use of the verbs "trembling" and "reeling" evokes the physicality of her precarious predicament, again making the reader actually see the woman with his/her mind's eye as they are reading. The sentence structure here copies the moment of suspense that the characters are going through. The ",then," reflects the uncertainty as to what is about to happen for the narrator. Will she fall outwards or inwards or will she stay trembling, caught between the two The rest of the sentence answers this question. A first year English student might be accused of writing a "run-on" sentence if she handed this in, proving that the 'rules' of grammar are in fact merely conventions that can and should be broken when needed. As the woman is in her final "death-agonies" it is her brother who is taken "to the floor a corpse". Poe brilliantly evokes the terror and suddenness with which the brother dies.

Fire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Fire - Essay Example One of the reasons behind the success of movie was the increased amount of budget which was spent to produce this movie. The major part of the overall film budget was spent on the fire scene which takes the complete toll of the Chicago city (King). It can be seen in the particular scenic representation of the fire accident which spreads all around the neighborhood taking grasp of the closer blocks as well. The directors have shown people to be in the panic situation trying to save their homes despite the entire neighborhood was on fire. In reality, this is far different because the fire extinguishers and the firemen are allotted to the accident site. People are evacuated from the accident site so that there no more fatalities. Most prominently, the movie projects heroes saving human lives stuck in homes that are on fire. In real life, the heroes saving the human live stuck in the homes on fire are rather the firemen

Identify and Respond to Children and Young People at Risk of Harm Part 1 Essay Example for Free

Identify and Respond to Children and Young People at Risk of Harm Part 1 Essay CHCCHILD401B – Identify and Respond to Children and Young People at Risk of Harm Assignment 1: Off-the-job assessment You will need to have completed your readings from the OLS and be aware of the reporting procedures in your state/territory to complete the following questions and case studies. 1. Access the website from your state below and state what steps are required for making a report as a mandatory reporter.(copying and pasting from these sites is not appropriate and may result in a â€Å"Not Competent† result) Remember the following Protective Concerns Are: You are concerned about a child because you have: †¢ A child has disclosed (informed you) that they have been harmed or neglected. †¢ observed the child and seen indications that they are being abused or neglected. †¢ You have been made aware of possible indications of harm due to your involvement within the community outside of your professional role. At all times remember to: †¢always record any of your observations no information is irrelevant †¢ follow appropriate protocols of your centre and also child protection. †¢ consult notes and records †¢ inform and work with other workers that may need to know †¢ inform and work with other agencies if need be. 1. Step One Responding to Concerns  · If concerns are for a child that you believe is in significant risk of harm then you would refer to step four.  · If you believe that a family should be referred to child First then you go to step three  · In all other situations you go to step two 2. Step Two Forming a Belief on Reasonable Grounds  · Think about the level of danger the child may be involved in Is your belief informed that the child is at risk or is in significant danger think yes or no?  · Do you doubt the ability of the parents care toward the child or protection of the child yes or no?  · If yes for the questions you go to step four  · If you have concerns for the child or family refer them to child first if not in significant danger. 3. Step Three Making Referral to Child First  · Contact the local provider for Child First.  · Contact list is usually on department of human services website.  · Have notes with observations of the child and details about the family. 4. Step Four Make a report to Child Protection  · Call your local child protection provider immediately this is usually found on the department of human services website  · For after hours child protection emergency call the emergency line  · Have notes, observations of the child along with details of the family ready with you. Non mandated staff members that believe on â€Å"reasonable grounds† that a child is in dire need of protection are able to report concerns to child protection. 2. Where would you find information on how your service responds to Child Protection Issues? If unsure you can always ask your room leader or centre director to point you in the right direction. You will always find how your service acts and responds to child protection issues within the service policies and procedures and code of ethics. The overall regulations of how the service should respond will be found within the national regulations which is a set of guidelines for services and how they should be run. 3. 3. List the legislative acts that govern Child Protection Services in your state/territory. My state is Victoria and the legislative acts that are in my state are the following Principal Acts:  · Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (as amended 2011) Other relevant Acts:  · Working with Children Act  · Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005  · The Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006  · Family Law Act 1975

Causes and Solutions to World Hunger

Causes and Solutions to World Hunger Michael Sylvester Why is Feeding the Hungry Proving to be Such a Difficult Challenge? In 2012, it was estimated that 868 million people in the world were undernourished.[1] That’s 868 million people out of the 7,065,410,436[4] people that make up the world’s population going hungry on a daily basis, that’s over 12%. This is a shockingly large number; a number that I feel can be lowered considerably. Feeding the hungry is a problem shared globally, however the effects of this problem are more severe in less economically developed countries (LEDCs). Money plays a large part in power today and I believe those with money and power should lead the way in showing those without to help eradicate the problem, for example: if each MEDC (More Economically Developed Country) gave 1% of their GDP to fund a food program for those without food in LEDC countries, it would make a considerable difference. Causes of hunger: Finance: If people can’t afford to buy food, then they simply don’t eat enough; often forgoing meals so their children can eat. Lack of money usually arises from un or underemployment. Those in poorer, less economically developed countries such as Ethiopia (Africa) struggle to gain jobs for steady income due to lack of education and/or lack of job availability. With little to no income, families in Ethiopia, for example, struggle to provide food and other essentials needed to sustain life. With this in mind, families may be left with the impossible choice of what they spend their money on. (For example: Spending money to feed an ill person who will most likely die without treatment is money wasted. Equally paying for medical treatment but not being able to feed them at the same time makes paying for medical treatment useless, as the person is only going to become ill again.) The way people choose to spend their money will affect whether they are able to afford the correct amount and quality of food. More commonly in MEDC’s such as the United Kingdom families ‘waste’ their money on unnecessary items rather than the necessities to maintain a healthy life. The country’s level of economic development plays a part. A country with a lower GDP will not be able to aid its people as effectively/at all whereas one with a higher GDP will be able to. However, this is not always the case and we must be careful to avoid over-generalising as in some poorer countries, the rural dwellers have got together to form farming co-operatives and these have proved surprisingly powerful and sustainable in The Gambia [9]. Other factors such as corruption can affect whether a country is willing to help itself or if it is going to rely on the help of others. In some places, there is an excess of food. It is estimated that globally we waste 1.3 billion tonnes of food a year. The food thrown away is not only enough to feed all of the undernourished people in the world (Approximately 870 million people [1], 852 million in developing countries (LEDC/NIC’s)) [2] is enough to save 1/3 of the world’s food banks. Wasting food is a huge issue for everyone, especially for those who aren’t even receiving a proper meal daily. It costs money, resources and time to produce food all, of which is wasted in most cases. Producing food has many effects. For example: Agriculture has an effect on global warming, due to high rates of greenhouse gas emissions. 10% of MEDC greenhouse emissions come from producing and transporting food that never gets eaten. [3] Country Continent MEDC/LEDC? Food Waste /Per capita per year (Approx.) United Kingdom Europe MEDC 7.2 tonnes United States of America North America MEDC 40 tonnes France Europe MEDC 5.6 tonnes Ethiopia Africa LEDC Unknown Effects of hunger Hunger has a direct impact on those without food, obviously, however very few undernourished people die from outright starvation. They die from common illnesses such as malaria and diarrhoea because their bodies that have been weakened by hunger, cannot cope. Hunger can increase the severity of simple illnesses because it weakens the immune system. Not only does hunger increase the vulnerability of a person to common illnesses, it increases the risk of infection, meaning the illness has a wide-spread effect. Hunger can have an economic impact also. It creates a vicious circle that is almost impossible to escape. People are poorly paid due to the limited economic status of the country, this then limits what food they can buy as well as other things such as medicine, people become ill (often common illnesses contracted due to lack of food) and therefore cannot attend work or are less productive in their job (If the person works) meaning they can’t earn as much/any money or pay taxes to their government. This circle then repeats and the overall effect is that the country makes less money and its people earn less money and are unable to buy essential items to survive. Solutions ‘World hunger is extensive in spite of sufficient global food resources. Therefore increased food production is no solution. The problem is that many people are too poor to buy readily available food. Therefore measures addressing the poverty problem are what are needed to solve the world hunger problem.’ As suggested in the quote above, simply producing more food is not a solution. Producing even more food will result in more food going to waste, and that’s already a huge problem globally. The challenge we are left with is to supply safe and nutritious food in a sustainable way, globally. If food was made much more affordable it would help reduce hunger levels. Even those in poorer countries would be able to afford it despite their low incomes. However this may promote food waste since people will be able to afford much more food than they usually would, food which will never get eaten. I think MEDC’s should give short term aid to LEDC’s to help reduce the number of undernourished people in their countries, although I feel that giving money aid isn’t the best solution as the country may use it for something else. MEDC’s should educate other countries and nurture them but not allow the country to become dependent on them. ‘Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime’ Anne Isabella Ritchie (circa 1885) – this quote stresses the need to teach to be self sufficient as opposed to being dependent. There is also another idea that could help to reduce the amount of food we waste yearly. The ‘Pig Idea’ [10]is an idea that we should feed our waste food to pigs. This would be effective as the food wouldn’t be wasted since it’s feeding the pigs. ‘Humans have been recycling food by feeding it to pigs for thousands of years’ – this now has the added bonus of helping british pig farmers who are struggling to make ends meet, as a result of the economic climate. Charities and Aid organisations already operate in areas where there is a hunger is a big problem. Farm Africa has worked in Ethiopia since 1988 and continues to help the people there by educating them, and showing them how to grow crops as well as giving them food and water. Case Studies. U.K In the United Kingdom the causes of hunger are problems like food waste and food affordability. The wealthier people living in the U.K contribute significantly to the amount of food that is wasted annually, because they can afford to buy large quantities of food regardless of the price. However those with lower incomes cannot afford to buy as much food so their food waste is considerably lower. But for some, food affordability is a huge problem. Families can’t afford to buy enough food to feed them due to its ever growing price. Ethiopia In Ethiopia the causes of hunger are different to that of the U.K. It is producing the food and distributing it to the people that are the problem. Due to climate difficulties producing food can be difficult, since soil qualities are affected. Also difficult climatic conditions (Flood and drought) can damage crops and reduce productivity. Lack of education in the country also adds to this, since poor farming practises are undertaken, which can further ruin the land being used for farming which then eventually will render it useless more than 31 million Ethiopians don’t have enough nutritious food to eat 5]., with annual costs associated with child malnutrition accounting for 15.5% of Ethiopia’s GDP. Farm Africa is currently working in parts of Ethiopia to try and help their situation. In the Tigray region of Ethiopia Farm Africa [12] are trying to increase food security via pastoral farming. The project is working directly with 2,950 women and 400 landless youths, providing them with crops and livestock as well as training [5]. They are also training farmers and giving them equipment to produce barley of a high quality meaning farmers will receive 10% more than the local rate for the barley they produced. They have also helped link farmers to Diageo (An international business that brews beer). Farm Africa is also helping communities find new ways of earning a living using the forest’s natural resources eg making bamboo furniture and harvesting wild coffee. They are also collaborating with the government to design a pilot project to protect 500,000 hectares of forest. This means Ethiopia could benefit from important work to preserve the forest, avoiding further emissions of carbon, and slowing climate change. Future Scenario: I feel that if this work continues, although it may take time, it will greatly help reduce the amount of undernourished people in Ethiopia and create sustainable life there. Not only do I think it will help reduce malnutrition statistics but I think it will help Ethiopia grow economically and increase their level of understanding and education which in turn will benefit the country greatly. Kenya In Kenya the causes for hunger are mostly physical ones, with climatic effects playing a large part in it. Two-thirds of Kenyans depend on the crops they grow and the animals they keep for their livelihoods and survival [6]. However, with prolonged drought killing livestock and withering crops, nearly four million people are at risk of serious hunger, especially in the northern and Rift Valley regions. This leaves small scale farmers and pastoral nomadic tribes-people vulnerable to hunger. Farm Africa is working with these vulnerable groups to help them find a way out of the spiral of poverty. They are teaching farmers techniques to help conserve water and soil, and by introducing drought-tolerant crops to them. New methods for capturing rainwater are being introduced by NGOs. Those trained can then disseminate these techniques throughout their community and this knowledge passed on to future generations. Selected farmers are provided with high-quality seeds for drought-tolerant crops. These seeds then produce healthy crops and farmers collect and store seeds from the harvest to use the following season. The more widely available these become, the more reliable and food secure communities can become too. Future Scenario: I believe that if this work continues it will greatly help reduce the amount of undernourished people in Kenya. The continuation of the help will ensure food security for all, regardless of climatic changes. Global Scenarios If global hunger isn’t managed further, as our world’s population continues to grow, the problem will become so big that I don’t think it could be managed solved. Scenario Benefit Explanation If nothing is done to try to manage the hunger problem. Nothing. As the global population grows, so does the number of malnutrition. It is going to become even more difficult to manage this problem and the effects it has on people. We simply cannot keep up with the amount of illnesses that will be caused because of malnutrition, making death on an enormous scale inevitable even more so in LEDC’s. If we were to lower the price of food More people would be able to afford more or a better quality of food, which would certainly improve the hunger problem. However, lowering the price of food may create more problems than solutions. For example, in most LEDC’s such as Ethiopia where agriculture accounts for 46.6% of the country’s GDP lowering the price of food is going to hinder the country’s economic development. Since farmers will be getting less money for the crops they sell meaning they have even less income for essentials things for themselves and their families. Conclusion Ensuring that every person in the world is fed is an absolute must, arguably more so than educating them although to some extent the two are inextricably linked. This issue has had global prominence since the year 2000 and the millennium development goals and although we have made great strides there is still a long way to go, indeed one in eight people still go to bed hungry, despite major progress. [7] Unfortunately the causes of hunger are wide spread and complex so there is no one quick way of fixing the problem. That said, if we can promote a reduction in food waste by those that have more than enough and supply and educate those that are lacking, we will be heading in the right direction. From investigating this topic I now have a personal goal to reduce the amount of food that I and those around me waste. I plan to visit local restaurants such as that of my school to investigate how much food is wasted, what is done with that waste food and help them to consider ways which might help them to lower it. I will be looking to find local pig farmers/smallholdings who might be able to make use of such waste food. I have also realised how fortunate I am never to have been truly hungry, even though I often claim to ‘be absolutely starving’, especially when on last lunch at school! 2096 words excluding titles, sub-headings and tables Bibliography. [1] worldhunger.org [2]lovefoodhatewaste.com [3]feeding5k.org [4]galen.metapath.org [5] http://www.farmafrica.org/ethiopia/ethiopia [6] http://www.farmafrica.org/kenya/kenya [7] http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/mdg_goals/mdg1/ [8] http://www.jatrophabook.com/public/image/__world_hunger_map.jpg [9] http://www.actionaid.org/gambia/stories/how-farming-cooperatives-transformed-community [10] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/10467298/Whats-the-Pig-Idea.html [12] https://www.farmafrica.org/ethiopia/ethiopia

E-Commerce Makes Life Better ! Essay -- E-Commerce Internet

E-Commerce Makes Life Better ! E-commerce means that the company runs their business online, not like the traditional business way. We have to go the shopping mall or store to get goods that we need, E-Business is the enabling of electronic communication between any two or more participants in a business relationship. It helps companies capture abroad business field, cost saving, and market opportunity. E-commerce is an important factor that is making people’s lives more efficient. This is the report according to the survey I did in IUP. Seven out of ten people say they prefer to buy goods from e-commerce. The reason is they said that it is convenient and time saving. According to the survey most of them agree that the service is fast. For an example, the delivery is fast. If you purchase something from e-commerce you will get the stuff within two weeks time. Beside that, the price is slightly cheaper than those goods in the shopping mall. But it depends on season, if you buy goods during the clearance season, such as New Year sale, summer sale or winter sales goods in the shopping mall probably will be cheaper than goods that offer in the e-commerce. Seven out of ten people prefer market form, which mean that you know the price and information. You can buy it on the spot. So it saves time compared to bid form. If you choose bid form to buy things, most of the time you can get it cheaper but it take a longer time. And you can’t confirm that you will get the product. So that the reason why most of them choose market form. In addition, the product quality more or less the same as the product in the shopping center. For the security aspect. I had to interview a girl. He... ...sides that, you also can learn other things from e-commerce. Such as we can learn more about the business cycle, and what consumer needs. So you know what kind of product that is suitable in that period of time. For an example, remote-control car and cameras are the best product to sell during the summer, because most of the people like to do outdoor activities, so that kind of product is easy to sell. In conclusion, e-commerce makes our life much more easier, because it saves time, we can get our goods with in a short period of time, other than that it connects to businesses around the world, we can buy goods that we can’t get from the local market. The last thing we also can get goods that are not available in the shopping mall and with the cheaper price. As I know, using e-commerce to shop online is the right choice for because it is so convenient.

Pythagorean Philosophy and its influence on Musical :: essays research papers

Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics. New York: Dover Publications Ferrara, Lawrence (1991). Philosophy and the Analysis of Music. New York: Greenwood Press. Johnston, Ian (1989). Measured Tones. New York: IOP Publishing. Rowell, Lewis (1983). Thinking About Music. Amhurst: The University of Massachusetts Press. "Music is the harmonization of opposites, the unification of disparate things, and the conciliation of warring elements...Music is the basis of agreement among things in nature and of the best government in the universe. As a rule it assumes the guise of harmony in the universe, of lawful government in a state, and of a sensible way of life in the home. It brings together and unites." - The Pythagoreans Every school student will recognize his name as the originator of that theorem which offers many cheerful facts about the square on the hypotenuse. Many European philosophers will call him the father of philosophy. Many scientists will call him the father of science. To musicians, nonetheless, Pythagoras is the father of music. According to Johnston, it was a much told story that one day the young Pythagoras was passing a blacksmith’s shop and his ear was caught by the regular intervals of sounds from the anvil. When he discovered that the hammers were of different weights, it occured to him that the intervals might be related to those weights. Pythagoras was correct. Pythagorean philosophy maintained that all things are numbers. Based on the belief that numbers were the building blocks of everything, Pythagoras began linking numbers and music. Revolutionizing music, Pythagoras’ findings generated theorems and standards for musical scales, relationships, instruments, and creative formation. Musical scales became defined, and taught. Instrument makers began a precision approach to device construction. Composers developed new attitudes of composition that encompassed a foundation of numeric value in addition to melody. All three approaches were based on Pythagorean philosophy. Thus, Pythagoras’ relationship between numbers and music had a profound influence on future musical education, instrumentation, and composition. The intrinsic discovery made by Pythagoras was the potential order to the chaos of music. Pythagoras began subdividing different intervals and pitches into distinct notes. Mathematically he divided intervals into wholes, thirds, and halves. "Four distinct musical ratios were discovered: the tone, its fourth, its fifth, and its octave." (Johnston, 1989). From these ratios the Pythagorean scale was introduced. This scale revolutionized music. Pythagorean relationships of ratios held true for any initial pitch. This discovery, in turn, reformed musical education. "With the standardization of music, musical creativity could be recorded, taught, and reproduced." (Rowell, 1983). Modern day finger exercises, such as the Hanons, are neither based on melody or creativity. They are simply based on the Pythagorean scale, and are executed from various initial pitches. Creating a foundation for musical representation, works

Central America Essay -- Central American History

Central America Central America, just south of Mexico and North of Panama, consists of just six countries; Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Of those six, all share a distinct common history except for Belize. Belize for one is incredibly small, and while Spanish is the official language of other Central American countries, in Belize English is spoken. So throughout this paper as I carelessly say 'Central American' I am not including Belize whose history and development was far different than the others. Although Central America is located close to the United States in relation to the Eastern Hemisphere, our ways of life are indescribably different. When we discuss Poverty in the United States many of us, including myself, don't really know what 'poverty' is. It seems like only a select few are afflicted by it here and programs like Welfare and Food Stamps (with varying degrees of success) seem to lessen the effects. In Central America when one speaks about 'poverty' he/she is including a large proportion of the population. One measure of poverty is the earning power of an individual. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is a measure of income is around $12,000 in the United States. In Central America on the other hand, the wealthiest Country, Costa Rica, came in at just under $2000. Distortion plays a role on the $2000 also, due to the fact the the elite-rich have an enormous concentration of wealth and land ownership, the real GDP of the poorer half of the population is around $200-$400 a year (Pg 10, Booth and Walker). Accompanying poverty or as a result is poor or unavailable education, health care, and an extremely bad job market. Government 'for the people and by the ... ...n't sure how much more aid he could get to Somoza so he pushed for a major offensive. In, 1987, without each side attaining a clear victory, negotiations began. In 1990, Daniel Ortega, a Sandinista was voted out of power to a more conservative , Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. In the end there was basically a stalemate, neither side attained a clear victory. Had the United States not intervened things most likely would have been very different. Our intervention has left a lasting impression on Nicaragua's political and economic situation. In a rebellion which caused " $1.5 billion in property loss, a 2% reduction in the overall population, and years of turmoil " (Pg 68, Booth and Walker) the domestic market was destroyed. No one can say whether our actions were justified or not but it will most likely be on the minds of many Nicaraguans for a long time to come..

Niccolò Machiavelli and Desiderius Erasmus Essay

Machiavelli and Erasmus were both humanists, but had very different points of view. Machiavelli whose writing was from the Italian humanist’s view, when Erasmus wrote from the points of view of Christian humanist in Europe may be one of reasons for huge differences in Machiavelli’s and Erasmus’ thoughts. However, these two styles of humanism provided us means to â€Å"generalize about the meaning of the Renaissance.†(303). According to Lawrence in his book Culture and Values A Survey of the Humanities, Machiavelli â€Å"sees Christianity’s role in politics as a disaster that destroys the power of the state to govern.†(302). In other words, the Church interfered deeply in everything, especially in state management. A good example of this is Henry VIII, who ruled England from 1509 to 1547 and remains one of English most famous and controversial king because of his divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII wanted to divorce from Catherine that followed by marriage to Anne Boleyn. But, the Church of Rome did not allow him to do what he had wanted for so long, about six years. In 1534, Henry VIII broke with the Church of Rome over his divorce, found his own church and made himself Head of the Church of England. Clearly, Henry VIII who was a king of England, had no ability of divorcing his wife without the Church of Rome’s sanction unless he cut off all the connections from Rome. That is to say that the Church had an immense large religious influence on much of the power of a state to govern, in other words, politics. From Machiavelli’s point of view, â€Å"the state needs to restrict the power of the Church, allowing it to exercise is office only in the spiritual realm.†(302). I strongly agree with Machiavelli that there are always so much conflicts between the politics and the church that these two powerful influences can not share power and influence. In the Christian’s view, Erasmus â€Å"felt that learning from the past could be wedded to the Christian tradition to create an instrument for social reform.†(303). He realized the religious corruption, and piercingly taunted the barrenness of scholarship provided by the Church and excessively superstitious manners. Erasmus’s ideal which was combining religion and politics seems to be impossible at that time, even at the present. On the other hand, Machiavelli theory does not concern about morality and is cruel. The prince, a favorite Machiavelli’s illustration, demonstrated clearly his point of view:† The prince must be as sly as the fox and as brutal as the lion.† and † cruelty or hypocrisy is permissible; judicious cruelty consolidates power and discourages revolution.†(302). These two typically statements explains why Machiavelli’s reputation is very bad toward the Catholic Church. Nevertheless, Machiavelli’s pragmatism has a strong attraction to lots of politicians such as Napoleon and Catherine the Great of Russia. In brief, although there are reverse attitudes between Machiavelli and Erasmus, both men’s views brought us glimpses towards the meaning of the Renaissance and the general understanding of the evolution of a culture. Works Cited Lawrence Cunningham and John Reich, Culture and Values A Survey of the Humanities, Thomson Wadsworth, 2002.

Meno Essay

Meno Paper Assignment Can virtue be taught? Plato starts off the Meno with this simple question. Prior to answering this question, Socrates is adamant about first understanding what virtue is. Socrates and Meno go back and forth throughout the story attempting to figure out the definition of virtue. When they come to the conclusion that they do not know what virtue is, they attempt to prove whether virtue can be taught, is attainable by practice, or is simply possessed by nature. As Meno asks Socrates whether virtue can be taught, Socrates explains to him that he does not know what virtue is.Meno defines virtue to Socrates in many forms. For a man virtue is managing public affairs and in turn benefiting his friends, and harming his enemies. For a woman she must manage the home well, preserve its possessions, and be submissive to her husband. He also explains that a child, a slave or an elderly man also have different virtues. Socrates refutes this definition of virtue. He has not bee n given a definition but yet a list of examples. He gets his point across to Meno by using bees as an example. There are many different types of bees, but one bee does not differ from another in the fact that they are both bees.This same concept has to be true with virtue, for there are many and various types but they all have the same form making them virtues. Here we are presented with the first rule of giving a definition, and that is simply to not give examples. Meno attempts to give Socrates a second definition, stating that virtue is simply the ability to rule over people. Once again Socrates refutes this definition. In the case of a slave or a child this cannot be true; hence this is merely another example of a specific trait of someone who is virtuous. Socrates also adds that if this were true than it would have to be justly and not unjustly.Menos response to this is that justice is virtue. Is justice virtue or is it a type of virtue? This is the next issue Socrates points o ut to Meno. In response Meno says that justice is a type of virtue, therefore he has done nothing more than give another useless example of virtue. Socrates wants to put an end to this problem so he gives Meno the definition of both shape and color to give him an example of a good definition. We are given a third definition by Meno, in which he states that virtue is to desire beautiful things and have the power to acquire them.With this Socrates translates desire for beautiful things as the desire for good things. Meno agrees with this statement, in turn allowing Socrates to once again disprove this definition. There are those who desire bad things, but in their own minds believe these bad things to be good. Therefore these people essentially desire good things but are not virtuous. Meno now explains to Socrates that he has found the definition; it is the capacity to acquire good things with justice. Socrates goes on to explain that this is yet again just a fragment of virtue.In ess ence all Meno has explained now is that virtue is virtue, for justice is a type of virtue. Socrates has brought forward the second rule of definitions, which is that you can’t use the word in the definition. At this point Meno is perplexed, and begins to get angry with Socrates. He informs him with the fact that he came here knowing exactly what virtue was, but now Socrates has driven Meno to the point that he now doesn’t know what virtue is either. Socrates explains that he has not done this purposely but that he truly is just as perplexed, and therefore they should search for this answer together.Meno displays his confusion by asking how it is even possible to search for something that you do not know at all. This is where Socrates introduces the idea that the soul is immortal and learning that which we do not know is recollection. Meno would like Socrates to show him that this is true. Consequently Socrates picks out a slave boy, who was raised in the home of Meno, and begins to ask him geometric questions. He questions the boy about a square, naming the different principles and rules of a square.As the boy begins to answer these questions correctly, Socrates points out to Meno that he has created his own right opinion concerning this logic. Through constant questioning the boy is able to form right opinions on logics that he has never before been presented. Socrates reveals to Meno that this is recollection. Being immortal the soul has learned all there is to know, whether it be in this life as a human or in a time prior to that. In turn recollection is simply the process of turning true opinions into knowledge through constant questioning.With this being known, Socrates illustrates to Meno that one should always seek to find out that which they do not know. In order to find out whether virtue can be taught Socrates and Meno set up a hypothesis that virtue is something good. Socrates begins to elaborate on this fact by stating that if virtue is good, than it is beneficial. They begin to examine what kind of things benefit an individual. Socrates and Meno both agree that Health, strength, beauty, and also wealth all benefit us. Socrates also points out that these same things can do harm do someone.So what is the directing factor that determines whether they are beneficial or harmful? All things directed by wisdom end in happiness. Therefore since virtue is beneficial, it must be knowledge. In turn virtue must be a kind of wisdom. If this is true, then virtue can be taught. Meno agrees with Socrates that this is true. Immediately after the two agree Socrates questions whether they were wrong by agreeing to this. He points out to Meno that virtue might not be knowledge. If knowledge is teachable, and virtue is knowledge, then there would be teachers as well as learners of virtue.Up to now they have not been able to come across any such individuals. At this point Anytus is introduced into the story, and Socrates invites him to join them in their search for teachers of virtue. Socrates asks Anytus if they should send Meno to the sophists who profess to teach virtue. Anytus wastes no time in sharing his negative harsh views of these sophists. Socrates tells Anytus to give Meno the name of an Athenian in which he should visit to learn the meaning of virtue. Anytus claims that any Greek citizen would be able to make him a better man that the sophists.Of these good men can any of them teach virtue, for they have yet to see this. Socrates uses Themistocles as a prime example; he was even the best of men but failed to pass down his virtue to his son. Instead he taught his son to be a great horseman. He presents Anytus with a couple other examples of virtuous men who failed to pass their virtue down to their children. At this point Anytus becomes angry and he leaves. He asks Meno if there are many good men among his people. Meno says that there are many good men. Among these good men do they agree hat they ar e teachers and virtue can be taught? Meno states that sometimes they say it can be taught, and other times they say it cannot be taught. After hearing this Socrates goes on to explain that these men cannot even agree on this point, therefore they are not teachers of this subject. Thus there are no teachers of this subject, as well as no learners, consequently virtue cannot be taught. Now that Meno and Socrates have agreed that virtue cannot be taught, Socrates begins to explain where they went wrong in their original investigation.He explains that they were right in agreeing that good men must be beneficial, and that they will be beneficent if they give correct direction in our affairs. The agreement that one cannot give correct direction if one does not have knowledge, is where they have gone wrong. One may use right opinion as a guide for correct action, in which it is no less useful than knowledge. Right opinion and knowledge differ in the fact that right opinion escapes a manâ⠂¬â„¢s mind very quickly. It is not until one ties these right opinions down, by giving an account of the reason why, that they become knowledge.Socrates explains to Meno that this is recollection, as they have previously gone over. At this point Socrates and Meno have come to a conclusion. Virtue is not teachable and is not acquired by nature, but comes to those who possess it as a gift from the gods which is not accompanies by understanding. Socrates leaves Meno and ends the story with one final statement. He says to Meno, â€Å"We shall have clear knowledge of this when, before we investigate how it comes to be present in men, we first try to find out what virtue in itself is. †

Honeypot Site

Attractive scenery Attractive scenery Castleton Castleton lies towards the north of the National Park. It is 10 miles from Buxton, 16 miles from Sheffield and 27 miles from Stockport. This makes it easy to visit from larger towns that are located near to the national park. It’s located in Derbyshire at the bottom of the Pennine range. Castleton Castleton lies towards the north of the National Park. It is 10 miles from Buxton, 16 miles from Sheffield and 27 miles from Stockport. This makes it easy to visit from larger towns that are located near to the national park.It’s located in Derbyshire at the bottom of the Pennine range. Why is Castleton a honeypot site? Why is Castleton a honeypot site? Case study: Castleton Case study: Castleton ? Tourist attractions Tourist attractions Jewellery shops within the village Jewellery shops within the village Blue John mine, caverns Blue John mine, caverns Attractive scenery Attractive scenery Easy access via roads Easy access via r oads Mam Tour Mam Tour Facts about Castleton Facts about Castleton Population: 649 people (2001 census)Jobs: Unlike villages in many rural parts of Britain, the population of Castleton is greater now than it was 50 years ago. Although there are still a number of farmers in the area, many of the population are now commuters, quarry workers or earn their living from tourism. Services for residents * 3 small shops * Mobile green grocer visits once a week * Police house within the village * Church in the village * Village Hall * Mobile library available once a week * Petrol stations * Pubs Services for visitors * 7 B&B’s * 4 hotels 4 camp sites * Youth hostel * Numerous tourist shops * Cafes * A visitor centre Castleton is also popular as a base for touring in the National Park and for active sports such as climbing, caving, pony trekking, hang gliding, cycling and walking. There are several Outdoor Pursuits centres nearby. Impacts of tourism Impacts of tourism * Erosion of the m any footpaths around the area, especially Winnats Pass and the footpath to Mam Tor, has been the subject of a detailed study. * Congestion in the village is a problem to locals and visitors.There is a large car park, with space for coaches, and public toilets but at peak times (Summer Sundays or during the Garland ceremony) the parking provision is not enough and the congestion spoils the character of the village and affects its enjoyment by all. * More jobs have been created thanks to the tourism industry. * Because there is an increase in employment there will therefore, be a reduction on the crime rates * Jobs are created. Therefore people have more money to spend on local goods and services. Multiplier effect – by creating a factory and providing new jobs, the local economy grows by more than the original cash injection * Second homes: Many wealthy urban dwellers buy second homes in the countryside. The Peak District is surrounded by large settlements e. g. Manchester, Sh effield and Derby so this phenomenon has happened here as well. This can cause house inflation, rural depopulation and service decline. * Seasonal employment: Tourism tends to be at its highest during late spring, summer and early autumn.Because of the decline during the winter, many locals will lose their jobs during the quieter periods. Management Management * Improvements such as surfacing paths in local stone or re-routing certain paths have been undertaken. * The importance of tourism to the local economy needs to be balanced against the danger of over-commercialisation. More and bigger car parks may increase visitor numbers and create even more problems * An increasing number of litter bins have been provided throughout the village. Increasing the amount of bus routes will tackle the problem of an excessive number of cars * Adding more ‘double yellow’ lines will mean that there will be less parking in inconvenient places for residents. * Redistribution of tourists : There are a number of locations in the Peak District that are honeypot locations e. g. Castleton and Bakewell. One suggested solutions has been to promote other villages and destinations to try and redistribute the number of tourists. * Improved signage and education: Some tourists drop litter, leave gates open. etc.With improved information signs and also better education of the problems it causes, some problems can be reduced Residents and tourists Conflicts between different groups of people in Castleton Conflicts between different groups of people in Castleton Unsurprisingly the largest amount of conflict that has arisen in Castleton is between local residents and tourists. One of the largest reasons behind this is traffic. With a high concentration of tourists come a great amount of vehicles these can cause traffic jams along the villages country roads this can delay the ease of travel for local residents.Pollution from cars is also a big element to the conflict pollution can have a harmful effect on the peak district and its wildlife. Another conflict between tourist and locals is the amount of noise. Living in a quaint Derbyshire village residents want to live in a peaceful environment however having large groups of tourists means there will be a large amount of noise pollution which can be disruptive to their way of life. Another conflict between tourists and local residents is the carelessness of some tourists who drop litter around the village.Residents want visitors to respect their home village and keep it clean and tidy however this wish is often ignored and upsets residents. There are many other smaller conflicts between the locals and tourists that occur in Castleton. Issues like tourists peering into gardens and cottages causes conflicts because locals want privacy. Now that tourists have the right to roam, there can often be conflicts between landowners and tourists, over where people can walk and what they can do.Farmers and tourists Farmer s and tourists may come into conflict because litter dropped by tourists may harm livestock (animals), the noise created by tourists and vehicles may disturb animals, especially during lambing periods. Tourists may also leave footpaths and damage crops or leave gates open and allow animals to escape. Tourists may be annoyed by farmers because on restrictions of their right to roam and aggressive animals. Farm traffic may also cause traffic jams and delay tourists.

American war for independence II

The American war for Independence was a new revolution that was relevant for various political and social reasons. Due to the changes caused by such revolution, the changes that happened during this event greatly changed the course of American History. In order to fully understand the radical nature of the American Revolution, it is first important to briefly discuss the events during this period. Occurring in the latter half of the 18th century, the American Revolution was the event that allowed the Thirteen (13) Colonies to become the United States of America.This was also the event that finally granted these colonies the independence that they desired from the British Empire. The American War of Independence or Revolutionary War that ensued from 1775 to 1783 was largely radical in nature because of the fact that it was the first instance that a colony had tried and succeeded to gain independence from the British Empire. One of the key developments resulted from this revolution was the birth and growth of enlightenment philosophy in America.The influence of this wave of thinking created a certain sect that was opposed to an absolute monarchy, such as that of the British Empire, and instead embraced a new form of government that was revolutionary for its time. The broad intellectual and social paradigm shifts within the colonies introduced new ideas with regard to republican ideals that began to take hold among the members of the colonies. Democracy soon began to play a larger role in the determination of the new government that was going to replace the absolute monarchy.The steadily expanding role of democracy in government caused the deterioration of traditional social hierarchies that existed. Instead a new ethic was created within the core of American Political values. While the United States was arguably not the first democracy to ever exist, the neo-classical model that arose during this time was largely unheard of in other parts of the world, particular ly from a British Colony.These social and political changes greatly impacted the way that the world saw the Americas from that point on. As the birthplace of modern democracy as the world now recognizes it, the United States of America soon became the symbol of world democracy. The birth of new ideas with regard to government, representation and social class were all altered by this event. It was so influential that it became the foundation of the American Constitution and the reason why the United States will always be known as the land of the free.

The Theory of Settlement in the City of Vadodara

Theory Of Settlement City – Vadodara Vadodara is situated on the bank of river Vishwamitra. Vadodara metropolis is the 3rd largest metropolis in the province of Gujarat with an country of 149sq.kms and a population of 13.06 lakh occupants as per 2001 nose count. The metropolis was one time called Chandanavati after its swayer Raja Chandan of Dor folk of Rajputs, who wrested it from the Jains. The capital had besides another name â€Å" Virakshetra † or â€Å" Virawati † ( A Land of Warriors ) . Subsequently on it was known as Vadpatraka or Wadodara , which harmonizing to tradition is a corrupt signifier of the Sanskrit word Vatodar means ‘In the bosom of the Banyan tree ‘ . Baroda can possess of one of the finest castles in India. Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad commissioned the celebrated British Architects, Major Mant and Chisolm to work on Laxmi Vilas castle. Designed in the Indo- Saracenic manner, it is rather a long thrust from the immense created Fe Gatess with the mounted royal emblem, to the entry. The colorful frescoes in Italian manner on the walls of the castle surprise you with their glare. Beautiful statues, marble fountains, Moorish arcades and stained glass Windowss adorn the construction. The metropolis is on the major rail and route arterias fall ining Mumbai with Delhi and Mumbai with Ahmedabad. Because of this Vadodara is known as a ‘Gateway to the Golden Corridor’ . National Highway No. 8 base on ballss through the metropolis. All superfast and express trains arrest at Vadodara Railway Station. Vadodara besides has an airdrome which is really good connected with the other major airdromes of India. Till the early 1960’s Baroda was considered to be a cultural and educational Centre. The first modern mill ( Alembic Pharmaceuticals ) was established in Baroda in 1907 and later companies such as Sarabhai Chemicals, Jyoti, etc. , came up in the fortiess. By 1962 there were 288 mills using 27510 workers. At that clip, the dominant industrial groups were chemicals and pharmaceuticals, cotton fabrics and machine tools In 1962, Baroda witnessed a sudden jet in industrial activity with the constitution of Gujarat Refinery. Several factors like natural stuff handiness, merchandise demand, adept mobilization of homo, fiscal and material resources by the authorities and private enterprisers have contributed to Baroda going one of India’s foremost industrial Centres. The find of oil and gas in Ankleshwar and North Gujarat led to the industrial development of Gujarat in a large manner. The Baroda part is the largest donee in the procedure of this industrialization. Gujarat Refinery went into the first stage of production in 1965. The refinery being a basic industry made critical parts on several foreparts at the regional and national degrees. InchThymineRoentgenDoctor of optometryUracilCThymineIon:VADOCalciferolARoentgenAVadodara, one of India’s most widely distributed metropoliss, is located to the south E of Ahmedabad, on the Bankss of river Vishwamitri.The territory is referred to as theâ€Å"SansKaRNitrogenatabunRI†( City of Culture ) due to its rich cultural traditions Vadodara is celebrated for its castles, Parkss, temples and museums Known as the ‘Gateway to the Golden Corridor’ , as all the rail and route arterias that link Delhi, Mumbai and Ahmedabad besides connect Vadodara, including the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor ( DMIC )The territory has 12 talukas, 15 towns and 1,548 small towns, of which the major towns are Vadodara( District Headquarter ) , Savli, Waghodia, Padra, Dabhoi, Karjan and Sankheda.Vadodara deserve the particular topographic point in the province of Gujarat In footings of industrial development,In the twelvemonth of 1907 Vadodara have the most modern Industry Alem bic ( Pharmaceuticals ) , which is a discovery for the metropolis development Subsequently than after there are many other industries like Sarabhai chemicals and Jyoti came up in the 1940s.At the terminal of the 1962 there were more than 288 companies offering more than 27,000employments, and so Bank of Baroda came up in the twelvemonth of 1908, by the Sayajirao three to offer their services to the communities. 1800000 1600000 DadUracilLiterATIONGramRoentgenOxygenWTH 1666703 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 1306035 1250000 1150000 1031346 734473 467487 298398 211407 Seriess 1 30 27 25 19.6 20 15 10 21.620.97 1413.49 Birth Rate Annual Natural Growth Rate 7.47.67.48 5 0 1981-19911991-20012001-2011 Death Rate2 GermaniumNEracubic decimetergRotungstenThursdayRaTeVs AcTualINdegree CelsiussRvitamin Ease 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1971 – 1981 1981 – 1991 1991 – 2001 2001 – 2011 Seriess 1 Seriess 2 This shows the two graphs of existent growing rate and general population growing rate.So clearly the difference in the countries becomes the migration population due to assorted factors like industrialisation. Table 1. Population of ‘ adodara YearPopula tion ( lakh'5 ) 1981134 1991103l A' e-rageannual grourtb rate 1 ( % ) 200111.062.39, o/o2005 ( Estimated )14_6'92.99,o/o2011 ( ProjecIBd )17.542.99,o/oBeginning. : Census 2001 Table 3.Composition of Gr ° ‘ 1h CompositionPopulation addition dming1981-91% of tota cubic decimeter1991-2001% of tota cubic decimeterNatural addition1,6865556.8 %1,6090958.6 %Immigration1,2821243.2 %11378641.4 %Jurisdictional alterationN.AN.AN.AN.AEntire addition296,867100.0 %274,695100.0 %Beginning: Population Research Centre. Vadodara Note: It is weU known that the enrollment of births and deceases is non cent per centum. peculiarly for the earlier period.The estimations are hence capable to completeness of enrollment. Table. .Built-up A rea in tbe Va doda Ra Ta h1kaYea RBuilt up Area ( .i ; q kilometer )Change Built up Area ( sq kilometer )197872.66–1990112.7240.062001158.0945.37 Indian PETROCHEMICALS CORPORATION LIMITED The formation of Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited ( IPCL ) as a populace sector company was a apogee of the thought procedure of the Government on the Industry. The Corporation was incorporated on 22nd March, 1969 as a Company under the Companies Act, 1956 with its registered office at PO Petrochemicals, District Vadodara-391346 Vadodara Urban Development Authority is constituted under the commissariats of the Gujarat town Planning and Urban Development act 1976. Started working from 1st February 1978. The bill of exchange Development program was prepared and published on 17-5-79. Approved by the Government on 22-12-83 and in force from 25-11-84 The Preparation of 1st Development Plan was based on approaching twenty old ages continuance i.e. projected population up to twelvemonth 2000 and their necessities were taken attention. Information on some of the key participants that have made significant investings in Vadodara during the period from 1983 to 2011 is given holla.ALEMBIC-1907GACL- 1973GSFC- 1962IOCL- 1961IPCL- 1969APOLLO TYRES LTD- 1972ASEA BROWN BOVERI LTD- 1949COxygenNorth carolinaLiterUnited statesIONS:The metropolis has witnessed high growing ( 40 % ) from 1981 to 1991. However, it could non keep the impulse of growing ; the growing rate slowed down to 26 % in the last decennary, 1991— 2001.The population registered in 2001 was 13.06 hundred thousand as against 10.31 lakhs 1991.The compounded one-year growing rate ( CAGR ) has been steadily worsening from 4.64 % in 1971- 81 to 3.45 % in 1981-1991, and farther to 2.39 % in 1991-2001.The population in 2005 has been estimated at around 14.69 hundred thousand. The population projection for2011 is estimated around 17.54 hundred thousand and is based on the hypothesis that the metropolis would turn at a changeless rate due to the increasing urba nisation in the province.Entire population and growing rate of population over the last 5 old ages: Population of Vadodara 1,839,428 Year Population ( hundred thousand ) Average one-year growing rate ( % ) 1981 7.34 4.64 % 1991 10.31 3.45 %2001 13.06 2.39 % 2005 ( Estimated ) 14.69 2.99 % 2011 ( Projected ) 17.54 2.99 %The metropolis witnessed a sudden jet in industrial activity with the constitution of the Gujarat refinery in 1962.Assorted large-scale industries such as Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals ( GSFC ) , Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited ( IPCL ) and Gujarat Alkalis and Chemicals Limited ( GACL ) have come up in the locality of the Gujarat Refinery.The constitution of big industrial units in this part has automatically brought into being a figure of smaller endeavors.Several factors like natural stuff handiness, merchandise demand, and adept mobilisation of homo, fiscal and material resources by the authorities and private enterprisers had contributed to Vad odara’s flower as one of India’s foremost industrial Centres.But, with increased competition in the planetary market and failures to get by with the economic impulse, Vadodara’s economic system has slowed down RoentgenTocopherolFERTocopherolNorth carolinaTocopherolSecond:ISBN: 9780978951702(Anjacubic decimeterICalciferolvitamin EsaI)ISBN:25301357(LLCBacillusOOklahomas)ISBN 978-0-86132-214-5(FatesiNghouravitamin DTabunvitamin Ekilowattavitamin D)i? ¶iˆ vadodara-101208075231-phpapp02hypertext transfer protocol: //www.baroda.com/aboutvadodara.phpinterim_may2k6 – pdf08_chapter 4 – pdf

Asian Americans Small Business Participation Essay

Asian Americans Small Business Participation - Essay Example As Marger (261) states, among all US ethnic groups, Korean population is the most actively engaged group in small scale business. One of the significant factors that accounts for the involvement of Asian immigrants in small business is the enthusiastic and active participation of some or almost all members of the family in business. The family loving nature and cultural traditions of Asian immigrants encourage them to engage in their own small sector businesses with the participation of family members and relatives. Business is one of the places where they share their cultural traditions and hard work. This practice of family-operated business helps them minimize the labor costs and capital. Furthermore, it enables them to set up profitable small business such as restaurants, retail, beauty services etc at low investments. At the same time, as Marger (261-62) points out, the social nature and friendly relationships of Asian immigrants and their common ethnicity enable them to establi sh informal savings, required capital, and also loyal customers within their own ethnic group. Asian immigrants often confront with racial discrimination and are deprived of better opportunities in the corporate sector. These inequities as nonwhites and unfairness in opportunity compell Asian immigrants to set up small sector business where they tend prove their ability.

Explain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Explain - Essay Example The customer enters the restaurant, then interacts with the employees through greetings. The customer then orders for a meal at the cashier. After the order, the client walks into the dining room where food is served. After consumption of the food, the customer pays and exits the premises (Cilli And Olieves Restaurant). This stage involves the employees and their service to the customer. The employee receives the order from the customer and the preparation and serving of the food commences. After the food is prepared, it is delivered to the client and upon completion, the customer pays the bill, which is received by the person at the payment area. The back stage is the basis of internal interactions. This area is the kitchen area where the preparation of food takes place. When the orders are received, supply department delivers the relevant ingredients for food preparation. The area also involves washing of dishes and garbage disposal from the leftovers (Cilli And Olieves Restaurant). This area is the focal point of the restaurant operation. This area is where the payroll system is established and the overall running of the business. The information system is connected to the payroll system to enhance supply of information. The area also has the suppliers that ensure food preparation. The area also oversees the disposal of waste materials from the company (Cilli And Olieves

How Do the NSC and APNSA Operate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How Do the NSC and APNSA Operate - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the national security agency (NSA) is the U.S intelligence agency that has been given the responsibility of providing the United States government with encrypted information assurance and reading encrypted communication signals intelligence of other nations. The department that has been mandated with the duty to create and maintain secure computer network operations for the US government and prepare for impending network warfare. On the other hand, the assistant to the president for national security affairs   APNSA is the senior-most official in the executive office of the president who serves as the chief advisor stationed in the white house to the president of the United States on national security issues.   The person who seat in that chair also is a member of the national security council and is located in the west wing of the white house where he finds support from national security council staff that produces research, intel ligence, and briefings for the APNSA to review and present them to the president. The origin of NSA can be traced from 1917 after the Congress declared war on Germany in World War 1 during this time a code and cipher decryption unit was set up with its headquarters in Washington D.C. The NSA is responsible for the protection of U.S government communications and another information system, due to the growing practice of mass surveillance in the U.S. NSA collects all phone records of all Americans citizens that it uses in an analysis of the potential threat to the nation. However, NSA has no authority to conduct human source intelligence gathering although it is often portrayed doing so in popular culture and regions. Nevertheless, it remains its objective to coordinate and deconfliction of SIGINT components of otherwise non-SIGINT government organization. These organizations are prevented by law from engaging in such activities without the approval of the NSA through the secretary of defense. NSA has been reported to be doing the massive extent of the NSA’s spying both domestic and foreign that was revealed to the public in a series of detailed disclosures of internal NSA documents from June 2013 where most disclosures are said to have been leaked by former NSA contractor Edward snow den. Since everybody insists that they should have the privacy of what they do with their private lives, it is evident that with NSA there is nothing like privacy.

Contrast & comparison Death & Dying between developed & developing Assignment

Contrast & comparison Death & Dying between developed & developing countries - Assignment Example This system has partially grown out of a societal-wide understanding in the need for ethical health care services to individuals in all stages of health. Although countries in Africa do not devote a high level of resources towards caring for the dying, the health care system in the United States sees this task as an obligation that cannot be ignored. Many African nations are of the collective opinion that existing health care services should be devoted towards those that can make the most use of them; not those that are all but certain to die. Similarly, nations within the developing world do not have the overall options of healthcare that the United States exhibits. Not only does this place an extraordinarily difficult psychological burden on the family members or loved ones of the individual, it also creates a dynamic in which the potential to earn money to support oneself or one’s family is inherently reduced. This sometimes involves a situation in which the individual is o ften required to stay home and care for the dying individual. This of course restricts such people from having the opportunity to earn a living (Ranjit, 2012). The differential in cost between death and dying United States as compared to the developing world is quite large. The overall financial hardship that death and dying represents within the United States is easier to deal with; as compared to the overall financial hardship that is exhibited elsewhere throughout the world. This is of course the result of the fact that individuals within the developing world face a situation in which the loss of employment could be potentially disastrous in terms of the overall health, standard of living, or well-being of the

Anorexia nervosa- Is it all in the mind or is the media to blame Dissertation

Anorexia nervosa- Is it all in the mind or is the media to blame - Dissertation Example This paradox explains that it is psychological since it is irrational. The psychological therapy alone is the ultimate remedy for this ailment. It is therefore concluded that anorexia nervosa is a mental condition and that media is entirely to blame. Table of contents Sl no Particulars Page No Abstract 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.2 Prevalence and distribution 3 1.3 Media’s role 4 1.4 Problem statement 5 1.5 Conclusion 6 Chapter 2 Literature Review 7 2.1 Evolution or genealogy of anorexia nervosa 7 2.2 Treatment 10 2.3 The Biological Model 11 2.4 The Psychodynamic Model 11 2.5 The Family Model 12 2.6 The Cognitive-Behavioral model 13 2.7 Media role in the treatment of anorexia nervosa 17 2.8 Conclusion 29 Chapter 3 Research Methodology 20 Chapter 4 Findings and Discussion 27 Chapter 5 Conclusion 31 References 33 Chapter1 Introduction Anorexia Nervosa was identified as early as in 1873 when William Gull coined the term. (Giordano, 2005). In 1874, Lasegue termed it as â€Å"ano rexie histerique’ and later ‘anorexie mentale’ (Bruch H. , 1980) Mara Selvini Palazzoli called it ‘anoressia mentale’ i.e mental anorexia so that it avoided confusion with neurological and endocrine disorders. Yet, ‘anorexia nervosa’ continues in usage internationally. Etymologically, the meaning of anorexia is ‘lack of appetite’ though anorexia nervosa does not mean lack of appetite. On the other hand, it is a condition of trying to suppress the feeling of appetite in spite being hungry. (Giordano, 2005). Moreover, starved of food, anorexics tend to always think of food (Bruch H. , 1980). This is the reason why Selvini Palazzoli states that mental anorexia is not a case of lack of appetite but a desire to be thin for achieving which anorexics willingly indulge in self-denial of food (Palazzoli M. S., 1998). In Germany, the condition is known as ‘adolescent mania of thinness’ (pubertatsmagersucht) (Gordon, 1990) . 1.2 Prevalence and distribution Anorexia affects 0.5 to 1 % of the population as reported by the American Psychiatric Association in 1999. The data available on the prevalence is inconsistent because of methodological problems involving several years of screening (Giordano, 2005) Prevalence denotes the number of cases in the population and incidence is the number of new cases in the population involving eating disorders (Hoek H. W.). In addition, there are cases never reported in the case of silent sufferers who would not seek help and never admit that they have the problem resulting in their data never entering statistical estimates (Giordano, 2005). In addition to anorexia nervosa, there are other eating disorders such as bulimia and binge eating all of which are exclusive to the Western and Westernized and other developed countries (Wardle, Bindra, Fairclough, & Westecombe, 1993). Eating disorders such as anorexia have been recognized only in the recent past as a syndrome. They appear in the 1992 version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) though anorexia nervosa appears in ICD-9 itself. It was a rare syndrome in the 1970s (Hill, 1977). However, the eating disorders have been on the increase since 1970s to 1990s. Because of the alarming increase in the incidence, anorexia nervosa along with the other eating disorders is now being called ‘a social epidemic’. Researchers are however, unsure of cause of the increase as they speculate on variables such as â€Å"demographic changes, public awareness of the condition, diagnostic criteria etc which are