Music Appreciation and the Auditory System :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Music Appreciation and the Auditory SystemHave you invariably come home after an exhausting day and turned on music to relax your nerves? While you are taking it easy, your auditory pallium is not. It works hard to synthesize the several musical elements of rhythm, pitch, frequency, and timbre to create a rich auditory experience. First, a discussion of the ear physiology is needed. Vibrating air despicable at diametrical frequencies hits the eardrum which causes the middle ears three bones to move accordingly. The stapes, one of these intimate ear bones hits on the oval window of the inner ear, and because the inner ear is filled with fluid, the bulging of the oval window causes this fluid to slosh around. The round window, also in the inner ear, compensates for the increased pressure by bulging outward. The inner ear has two functions, to transduce sound via the cochlea and to maintain a persons vertical position with respect to gravity via the vestibular system (1). . exactly here, we pass on only consider the transduction of sound. The cochlea is filled with hair cells that are extremely sensitive and depolarize with only slight perturbations of the inner ear fluid. At the stop consonant of depolarization, a neural signal is transmitted and on its way to the brain. This nerve impulse travels to the auditory nerve (8th cranial nerve), passes through the brainstem, and then reaches the branched form of the cochlear nucleus the ventral cochlear nucleus or the abaxial cochlear nucleus. The nerve signal that passes through the ventral cochlear nucleus will reach the superior olive in the medulla where differences in timing and loudness of sound are compared, and location of the sounds origin is pinpointed (1). The nerve signal that crosses the dorsal cochlear nucleus ultimately is analyzed for sound quality.As seen in the final step of sound transduction, the education relayed by the neural signal branches and touch on occurs at different sights. No co nsensus has been reached as to where music is processed in the brain. Most researchers agree that the different components of music are processed in different parts of the brain, as exemplified by the branching pathway of the cochlear nucleus which facilitates the separation of sound timing and loudness with the sound quality analysis. But this information is not sufficient to answer the question of where our sense of music originates.Frackwiak has supplied a small part of the puzzle.

Interpretation of Dreams: Freud Vs. Jung Essay -- Philosophy Psycholog

Interpretation of Dreams Freud Vs. JungWorks Cited Not IncludedMany philosophers, psychiatrists, and doctors have tried to explain the role of the unconscious, mostly by experienceing envisages ii who lead the way in the field of aspiration comment were Sigmund Freud and his most famous pupil, Carl Jung. By reviewing these mens views we can come to a better understanding of the role of the unconscious.Both Freud and Jung believe in the existence of a conscious and unconscious mind. To better understand the difference between the two psychologists often use the analogy of an iceberg. The part of the iceberg above the surface of the water and can be seen by anyone is the conscious mind. It is the part of the mind we continue in and contains information that we are aware of. The majority of the iceberg, which is below the surface of the water, is what Freud referred to as the unconscious and that Jung referred to as the personal unconscious. This is where thoughts, feelings, urge s, and temptations are that are difficult to knead out in consciousness. These are things that we do not associate with who we are and thus become repressed. The best ways to find these repressed feelings are finished dreams.Sigmund Freud believed that a persons dreams fulfilled wishes and gave that person a sense of accomplishment to something they may not have been able to achieve. To prove Freuds theory he referred to a dream that he could produce as often as he wanted to. He explained that if he ate anything salty before he went to bed he would develop a thirst during the night which would wake him up. However, before he woke up he noted the he always had a specific dream first. This dream was that he was drinking cold water ... ... or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies. This tendency for everyone in an field of view to perceive and act in certain ways is where Jung theory of collective unconscious comes from. Jung explains that what w e dream, we have understanding of, be it intellectually or emotionally, which contradicts Freuds theory of unconsciously fulfilling wishes completely.Both Freud and Jung have there own views on dream interpretation, combine the two and it seems that we can come to a better understanding of the importance of our dreams. It seems that you cannot interpret a dream solely using Freuds theory or visa a versa with Jungs theories. Combining the two would offer a non-bias, well rounded interpretation which could encompass both, wish fulfillment, as Freud proposed, and consciously intending to create your dreams, as Jung believed.

Essay --

STAGE 1 EntrenchmentThe first stage of conflict escalation develops when a divergence everyplace some issue or frustration in a relationship proves resilient to resolution efforts. The problem remains, and leads to irritation. The threshold to stage 2 is taken when ace or both parties lose faith in the possibility of solving the problems through straight and fair verbal discussions. STAGE 2 DebateThe parties relish for more firm and laboriouser ways of pushing through their standpoints. The dispute is no longer restricted only to a well-defined issue, but the parties start to relish that their general position is at stake. Debates are no longer only focused on which standpoint has more merits, but also on who is or so successful in promoting the standpoints, and how the outcomes of the debates affect ones reputation. When rational and issue-relevant arguments dont promisingly ensure success, the parties resort to quasi-rational argumentation, such as the underlying causes of th e present problems avoiding blame strong exaggeration of the implications and consequences of the counterparts standpoints connotative comments about the relation of the central issue with early(a) concerns, linking the issue to larger value ideologies, reference to recognized authorities or tradition in show to gain legitimacy for a standpoint stating the alternatives as extremes, in order to get the opponent to accept a reasonable compromise.Discussions now turn into debates, where opinionated standpoints collide. The growing mistrust creates a sense of insecurity and loss of control. Efforts to control the counterpart belong to later escalation stages. The threshold to stage 3 is related to the basal right of each party to be heard of mutual interest. S... ...the adversary. When a party is attacked in a way that threatens to shatter it, it is forced to make strong efforts to suppress internal conflicts. The only restraining factor is the concern for ones knowledge survival .The threshold to stage 9 is reached when the self-preservation drive is given up. When this happens, there is no check at all on further destructiveness.STAGE 9 Total destructionIn the last stage of conflict escalation, the drive to annihilate the enemy is so strong that even the self-preservation instinct is neglected. Not even ones own survival counts, the enemy shall be exterminated even at the price of destruction of ones own very existence as an organization, group, or individual. All bridges are burnt, there is no return. The only remaining concern in the race towards the other side is to make sure that the other side is equally destructed too.

Ethical Issues in film Erin Brockovich Essay example -- Ethics Movie M

Ethical Issues in film Erin BrockovichThere are many ethical issues in the movie Erin Brockovich. This movie is virtually a mother of common chord who uncovers a water poisoning case by Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) in southern California. Once it was proved that the company had wittingly dumped hexavalent chromium into the ground water, the utility company was found liable for a $330 million dollar verdict.Erin has the responsibility to feed and educate her three children and she has a universal distrust of people. She begins by forcing her lawyer Ed Masry to give her a secretarial job after he failed to get her a settlement from an auto accident. She makes him spirit guilty for the way that she is currently living and blames it on him. She figures this would square things away. However, she doesnt exactly fit in at the firm. Other female co-workers do not wonder of her attire and the cleavage that she shows. Women in the office dont include Erin in going out to lunch and even helping her out when she asks for assistance. Once when she asked for assistance, the women refused to help her stating that if she doesnt have it off the job yet, that is her problem. The women treat her poorly, but I think that they are surprised at the person she really is and what a dedicated hard worker she is. Erin fights for esteem and acceptance from a world, which tends to judge from appearance only. Ed accuses her of extortion when she attempts to get raises out of him every time he approves her doing another job with the PG&E case. She asks for increase in salary and at one-point event benefits. Ed ends up giving it to her maybe because he knows that she is on to something and it could end up being really big. However, sh... ...y were living in. They kind of chose to entertain their corporation by creating a plan to purchase these homes and cover up any evidence that would be around. The company lawyers choose to sacrifice the lives of the nei ghbors to protect the company assets even though PG&E is a 28 billion-dollar company. It was believed that it would be cheaper for PG&E to dispose of the chemicals illegally since the company officials were more concerned with the profits than about peoples lives. The hiding of this critical information had tragic consequences for the people involved. PG&E must have realized that they were guilty since they settled the case for $330 million in semiprivate arbitration. All in all, it probably ended up costing PG&E more money than it would have if they had properly lined the water pools and taken alimony of things the correct way in the beginning.

Comparing Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness and Kipling

Imperialism in nitty-gritty of Darkness and Kiplings Poetry Imperialism sprung from an altruistic and unselfish quarry to take up the white mans burden1 and wean the ignorant millions from their horrid ways.2 These two citations are, of course, from Kiplings White Mans nitty-gritty and Conrads Heart of Darkness, respectively, and they splendidly encompass what British and European imperialism was about at least seen from the late-nineteenth century point of view. This essay seeks to explore the comparisons and contrasts between Conrads and Kiplings view of imperialism in, respectively, Heart of Darkness and White Mans Burden and Recessional. In a historical context, the two texts differ greatly Heart of Darkness is Conrads autobiographical description of his trip up the river of Congo and his encounter with the atrocities of European rule in Africa.3 Conversely, Kiplings White Mans Burden was written to welcome the United States of America to the club of imperialistic nations . The event that prompted Kipling to write this poem was the United States intervention in the Philippines. Under the pact of Paris in 1898, the Philippine sovereignty was transferred from Spain to the United States and thus the United States emerged as an imperialistic nation dedicated to progress. This is the core of the matter progress. Kipling speaks of a integrity in his poem Recessional. The code of behaviour and the enlightenment that Kipling wished to be aggrandised to all primitive nations. In other words Progress in the means of railroads across continents, telegraph lines over deep seas, commerce beyond boundaries and steam boat lines criss-crossing the earth. Imperialism was at its height... ...55,1978) * Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, M.H. Abrams, general editor. (London W.W. Norton, 1962, 2000) * Islam, Shamsul. Kiplings equity A Study of His Philosophy of Life (London The MacMillan Press Ltd., 1975) * McClur e, John A. The Rhetoric of Restraint in Heart of Darkness in Nineteenth Century Fiction, masses 32, Issue 3 (Dec. 1977), pp. 310-26 available through www.jstor.org * Raskin, Jonah. The Mythology of Imperialism (New York Random House, 1971) * Rudyard Kiplings Verse, Definitive Edition (London Hudder & Stoughton, 1940) * Watts, Cedric. A Bloody Racist About Achebes View of Conrad in Joseph Conrad Critical Assessments, Keith Carabine, ed., Volume II The Critical Response Almayers Folly to The Mirror of the Sea (Mountfield Helm Information Ltd., 1992)

Comparing Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness and Kipling

Imperialism in Heart of Darkness and Kiplings Poetry Imperialism sprung from an altruistic and unselfish aim to take up the white mans burden1 and wean the ignorant millions from their horrid ways.2 These two citations are, of course, from Kiplings White humankinds Burden and Conrads Heart of Darkness, respectively, and they splendidly encompass what British and European imperialism was about at least seen from the late-nineteenth century point of view. This essay seeks to explore the comparisons and contrasts between Conrads and Kiplings view of imperialism in, respectively, Heart of Darkness and White Mans Burden and Recessional. In a historical context, the two texts differ greatly Heart of Darkness is Conrads autobiographical description of his trip up the river of Congo and his encounter with the atrocities of European rule in Africa.3 Conversely, Kiplings White Mans Burden was written to welcome the United States of America to the purchase order of imperialistic nations. The event that prompted Kipling to write this poem was the United States intervention in the Philippines. Under the Treaty of Paris in 1898, the Philippine sovereignty was transferred from Spain to the United States and therefrom the United States emerged as an imperialistic nation dedicated to progress. This is the core of the matter progress. Kipling speaks of a Law in his poem Recessional. The code of behaviour and the enlightenment that Kipling wished to be aggrandised to all primitive nations. In other words Progress in the means of railroads across continents, telegraph lines over deep seas, commerce beyond boundaries and steamer boat lines criss-crossing the earth. Imperialism was at its height... ...55,1978) * Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, M.H. Abrams, general editor. (London W.W. Norton, 1962, 2000) * Islam, Shamsul. Kiplings Law A Study of His Philosophy of Life (London The MacMillan Press Ltd., 1975) * McClure, washbowl A. The Rhetoric of Restraint in Heart of Darkness in Nineteenth Century Fiction, Volume 32, Issue 3 (Dec. 1977), pp. 310-26 available through www.jstor.org * Raskin, Jonah. The Mythology of Imperialism (New York Random House, 1971) * Rudyard Kiplings Verse, Definitive Edition (London Hudder & Stoughton, 1940) * Watts, Cedric. A Bloody Racist About Achebes View of Conrad in Joseph Conrad Critical Assessments, Keith Carabine, ed., Volume II The Critical Response Almayers Folly to The Mirror of the Sea (Mountfield Helm Information Ltd., 1992)

Cars Versus motorcycles Essay

In the united states many commonwealth corrupt cars and rides. Some people prefer driving cars rather than motorcycles. Both ar really popular types of transportation these days. Cars and motorcycles have many differences in their cost, convenience ,safety, comfort and maintenance.The first difference between cars and motorcycles be the cost. For example, people need to buckle under a lot of money if they want to buy or lease a car. However, motorcycles are cheaper to rent or buy. Also, cars are more convenient than motorcycles. For instance, cars discount transport many people but motorcycles do not do it. Also, cars have air condition and people can listen music art object they drive. Other, advantages have a car is another person can drive for someone when he is drunk. Motorcycles are most popular in young people because is most exciting, easy to parking and avoids traffic.The second important difference is safety. For example, cars have seat beats and air bags can protec t the drivers. However ,in motorcycles, people except can use helmet, so drivers are fragile. Also, cars have a cage most protectors in case of accident than motorcycles. Although, the car insurance is the most expensive than motorcycles it covers all damage. Also, people in motorcycle need to use sunglasses for protect their eyes. In case of terrible accident people in motorcycle died, so cars are most safety.Other essential differences are comfort and maintenance .Motorcycles do not have comfort because seats are very awkward. However ,cars have soft seats and if it is raining people will not get wet. When people need to change oil and tires, it is very expensive. Also, cars are most difficult to repair and use a lot of gas. However ,motorcycles are too easy repair because do not have a big motor. Motorcycles are not difficult to maintain.In conclusion ,cars and motorcycles are very different in their cost, convenience, safety, comfort and maintenance. A lot of people buy cars or motorcycles, it is a very common type of transportation .Each person buys a vehicle that they like for their features.

Rise of Global economy

The BBS was thus a Joint management of new economic and political order. Countries under the BBS embraced capitalist ideologies and systems. It also enhanced the influence and p alleviationige of US. To sum up, the BBS catalysts economic integration and led to the rise of Macs, which is another factor. NC The Macs set up different manufacturing bases In different countries. The Macs were Important In spreading economic links of globalization and helped the US to expand its global reach to more countries, hence increasing US strength and influence.The Macs created globally-integrated enterprises and brought skills and technology, Fids and expertise to the rest of the world. It thus helped to industrialized economies and helped the world to progress together. USA role Dominant global power in political, economic, ideological aspects. Politically, it take a firm stand political presence and dominated International organizations Like ON, MIFF and the World Bank to enforce a Capitalist system which eventually helped the world o progress economically as a whole.Economically, since USA was the least affected country by WWW, it was able to provide aid through monetary policies same the Dodge Plan to help Japan. The Aquas stable currency also provided a peg to stabilize other currencies. Regionalism Europe wanted to create unified regional bloc to act as a counter-balance to Aquas dominance. It also allowed for greater specialization and expansion of markets. European coal and steel community 1950 France and Germany, later on the rest of he European countries, except Britain.Common Market Treaty 1958 called for reduction of tariffs and barriers Mixed Economies Combination of Capitalist free market systems and socialist communist systems Combined efficacy and enterprise of private sector and foresight and resources of government. Achieved 10th prosperity and equality Global spread of mixed economic system model Japan second largest economy after US and West Germany rebuilt after 5 years Britain National Health Service Four Asian tigers 7% growth per annum

ERP Systems Essay

1.Explain the conditions or circumstances that would lead a confederacy to use the IWM features avail adequate to(p) in spite of appearance SAP ERP. What capabilities does IWM add to the features available inside the Sales and Distribution, Materials Management, and Production Planning and operation areas of SAP ERP?The conditions and circumstances that would lead a company to use the IWM features available within SAP ERP are out-of-pocket to increased cost pressure, higher customer expectations, shorter cycles of innovation and high differentiation of consumer goods within the same industry. Additionally, customers are demanding more efficient ways of delivery. IWM features are able to improve timeliness and flexibility of deliveries. IWM has the capabilities to support increasingly complex supply chains.There are many capabilities provided within the Sales and Distribution, Materials Management, and Production Planning and Execution areas. Some capabilities include the ability to track nightclubs and inventory in real time, display inventory value, control the movement of goods internally between plants, initiate the give of goods, and creating sales orders pertaining to materials management and warehouse management. Additionally, running bin status reports of goods in the warehouse, purchasing/selling goods internally by STOs and controlling the fulfillment process.2.What is the purpose of utilise a stock transport order? Why would a stock transport order be used rather than an ordinary stock transfer, or a combination of sales order ( displace plant) and purchase order (receiving plant)?The purpose of a stock transport order (STO) is to request materials from another plant within the same company code instead of procuring the material from a normal vendor. Hence, one plant is purchasing materials from another plant that sells the materials. Additionally, the IWM process is triggered by the STO from the manufacturing ease to a warehouse managed stor age location. STOs are more complex in nature and can be performed with deliveries, without deliveries, and with deliveries and billing. A STO would be used instead of a purchase order. This is due to the plant purchasing goods from the other plant as a transport under the same company code.A purchase order is purchasing goods/materials from a normal vendor, not a plant within the same company code. The same reasoning applies to the sales order. The sending plant is sending goods/materials to their customers, not a plant within the same company code. As for a stock transfer, they are used to transfer materials within a company from one location to another. Movements include within one plant, between plants, and etcStock transfers are a simple way of moving goods, not internal purchasing/selling of goods like STOs.

Swot Analysis of Meru

SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Meru Cabs was one of the first companies to launch metered Radio plugs in India under its brand Meru. Meru has captured the first mover advantage in this segment. Meru is rattling famous among its customers so much that when people think of air conditioned cabs they associate it with Meru. Meru cabs offer good training to their drivers so that they can maintain the Meru train of consumer service. They also regularly maintain their cabs which make it neat and clean and so commuters enjoy their ride.They have digital tampered proof meters so there is no jeopardize cheating. Weakness Meru cabs largely depend on technology right from the moment to pick up customers to terminate them. They use GPRS system to track the customers and to drop them to their position and also to show them the real estimated time. So if there is any server failure or breakdown it becomes difficult for the cabs to function smoothly. Usually Meru cabs are acquirable when customers constitute for it. So there is time lag between the call time and actual ride. They are not as easily available as local non air conditioned cabs.People usually prefer meru cabs for long distance travel. Opportunity Meru so far is catering only to major metro cities. They should call up upon extending their services to tier two cities because these cities are growing rapidly. They can also consider upon renting cars without chauffeurs. They can also update their customers with real flight time schedules through Infotainment services. Meru should also think for strategic partnership with various travels portals so that they can extend services like pick up and drop to customers to their hotels and so on. ThreatsAlthough Meru was the first player in this segment it is now facing stiff competition from players like Tab Cab, Mega Cabs and so on. There is very less(prenominal) level of differentiation among all these cabs. So this is eroding the market share of Meru. Air conditioned bu ses started by BEST in Mumbai is also competition to Meru cabs. device driver unions also prove to be a problem many a times. Government regulations and sudden changes in policies is also a threat. CRM of Meru to retain customers * No surplus or hidden charges because of tamper free meters * Printed receipts produced at the end of every trip In case of any complaints, feedback etc. , passengers can call Customer Service Center at 44224422 * Lost and found belongings due to trustworthy drivers * Usage of clean green fuel because it uses LPG and CNG cars now a days to reduce pollution * Thoroughly trained Chauffeurs in a smart MERU uniform, fluent in English and Hindi and regional languages * Users are encourage to make profiles on the website for faster and easier bookings next time * Round the clock availability of cabs backed by a localization principle tracking GPS based free technology and a 247 Customer Service Center.This means a quicker pickup and faster response time to call for a cab. * Tamper-proof digital cab meters, integrated with the GPS-system to ensure that every fare is tracked, thereby ruling out any possibility of overcharging by the driver. * Ability to track the location of the cab real-time through the GPS technology * Emergency security features installed in the taxi for complete safety, including display of our Customer Service Center numbers inwardly each cab provides security in case of an emergency-PANIC BUTTON BENEFITS OF CRM * Customer segmentation Market analytics like records of customer profiles, profile, payment history etc. * times of accurate leads and SMS bursts that target only the right customers based on their segmentation is possible * First time retention has increased from 40 % to more than 90 % * Customized and simplified bill formats, payment collection through cards * Better value added services were provided * It facilitated knowledge sharing amongst employees * Option of booking a cab in less than 60 second s * Reduced cost of customer acquisition * Has resulted in savings because of fewer calls

Contrasting Attitudes in Two Campers in Cloud Country by Sylvia Plath Essay

Sylvia Plaths poem Two Campers in Cloud Country displays whole steps of naturalization and of objection to society. The verbaliser expresses his distaste for the mundane life and his find for spirit by incorporating style with literary devices. In Sylvia Plaths poem Two Campers in Cloud Country the loud vocaliser system uses diction and figurative row to portray attitudes of mockery towards civilization and awe towards the freedom of nature. First, the speaker opens the poem by saying In this country thither is neither measure nor relaxation (l. 1).This has a negative connotation and is the initial expression of how the speaker uses diction to display negative feelings to society. other negative connotation is when the speaker calls the clouds man-shaming (l. 3). The speaker to a fault refers to people as trolls (l. 6), insinuating that people argon slaves to society. These negative connotations are directed towards the mundane urban center life with its labeled elms (l. 9) and its tame tea-roses (l. 9). Another portrayal of the speakers mockery of society is the use of honest devices.This is important when considering the diction because the plosive sounds give the reader a subconscious discretion of how the speaker feels. For example, the word gesture (l. 4) presents the naturalistic view on how insignificant people are in comparison to the clouds. As seen in line six, trolls withal is used for a sound device coupled with negative connotations. Another example of coupling plosive sounds with negative connotations would be world Gardens (l. 7). The plosive sound devices are purposefully placed by the speaker to create a more apparent dissatisfaction in his diction.More often than not the speaker makes glary statements towards the biting and confining life in the city. By stating one wearies of the Public Gardens (l. 7) the speaker is deliberately pointing to the civilizations tedious lifestyle. In line 17 the speaker says It is comfortable, for a change, to mean so little. This implies that the speakers bondage to society is broken by the freedom of nature. More subtly are sardonic inserts used to portray the speakers mocking intuitive feeling. For example, Here on the last frontier of the big, brash spirit (l. 12) displays a tone of badinage towards how cities may view themselves.Whether it is blatant or subtle, the speaker delivers his attitude of mockery by diction. Second, the speaker expresses an attitude of awe towards nature after a tone shift. The tone shift in the beginning of stanza five changes from that of sardonic to admiration. The speaker describes the horizons as being so beautiful that the colors assert themselves (l. 14). Not besides does this give an appealing and vibrant connotation. It shows respect for natures ability to be independent and control itself with or without the encouragement of man. In line 19 the speaker describes the rocks as conceiving a dynasty of perfect cold.To those who are not like the Two Campers this may be an oxymoron to the Two Campers it deems true. This quote also shows how the speaker finds refuge in the outdoors. The tone remains to be in veneration but shows more dreamlike characteristics when the speaker announces Tell me Im here (l. 21). The tones tendencies to be rather naturalistic become more apparent in the final deuce stanzas of the poem. The speaker also uses sound devices to confront the comfort of nature. Soft sounds such as simplicities sough (l. 25) and Sleepily as Lethe (l. 26) make lulling and peaceful sounds.Another soft sound used by the speaker is lightest sighs (l. 24). These sounds are comforting to the reader and are deliberately used to create a subtle liking for nature as opposed to the plosive and harsh sounds of the city. The tone shift of stanza five gives way to an important attitude of awe that the speaker portrays with his diction. Another way the speaker portrays the initial attitude of mockery is through figurative oral communication. The speaker uses personification to contribute.The speaker expresses the want of a trip where trees and clouds and animals pay no notice (l. ). Personifying the trees and clouds seems that the speaker is acknowledging that nature is unconcerned with humans and the city due to it being held in such high esteem. It seems that nature looks down upon the city for attempting to mimic or recreate the fresh environment with labeled elms (l. 9) and Public Gardens (l. 7). The speaker further mocks the city by holding nature in such high esteem and becoming bored by the monotonous society, boost nature to pay no notice (l. 8). Plath also uses alliteration to mock civilization by calling the tea-roses tame (l. 9).In order to portray the speakers attitude in the comparison of nature to civilization, the speaker incorporates symbolism. For example, the speaker states The pines blot our voices up in their lightest sighs (l. 24). This is symbolic of how nature is preventing the troubles of society from disturbing nature and all of its grandeur. These figurative language devices contribute significantly to the speakers attitude. Unlike the figurative language supporting a sardonic tone to society, other devices are found after the tone shift to contribute to the tone of veneration to nature.The speaker expresses his awe by acknowledging that the country is alive. The speaker says that shadow arrives in one gigantic step (l. 16). Plath applies personification when at the sunset the colors assert themselves (l. 14). Once again, this gives nature an independence. The speaker uses alliteration, such as blank-brained (l. 27), to ascertain the reader that the environment is stress-free. Another example is when the speaker admires the reflection of the stars in a lake by saying Planets pulse in the lake like bright amoebas (l. 23). mate with a sound device, the allusion to Lethe (l. 6) refers to the mythological river which was sought after for its peaceful forgetfulness. This also symbolizes the comfort and refuge in the calming wilderness that the speaker finds. The uses of these figurative language devices are greatly significant in the speakers expression of attitude. In conclusion, Sylvia Plaths poem Two Campers in Cloud Country expresses twain contrasting attitudes. Through the use of diction and figurative language, the speakers attitudes are clearly portrayed. These devices contributed immensely in making concrete the expression of the two tones.

Food and Beverage Essay

What does the term estimable of admission mean ? (6) It means that a Proprietor allows the customers of his hotel and he reserves the right admission with him . Entry of customers drug-addicted to rights of hotel owners. It also means that the store owner or firearmagement are allowed to deny entry to potential customers without giving just cause . The decision as to who is allowed in or out is usually up to the store owners discretion , which can be in smashing judgement or not . The right of admission notice also allows the shop security to search your bag or your person at their own discretion.For proper justifications , the owner may keep back the Right of Admission to certain categories of people or customers in the following events (i) If the customer is a nuisance under the influence of alcohol , drug or lunatic . (ii) If the customer is naked (though simple dress code is allowed) (iii) If the customer is below 18 years of age , that too in a eating place /hotel who ha s been given a permit for serving alcohol or drugs. (iv) If the customer is fighting or disturbing or causing annoyance to other customers.Etc -If the owner does not use his above Right of Admission, then another customer can sue the Hotel/Restaurant for deliberate negligence with criminal instigation and for defiency in service besides for damages to untold extents. QUESTION 2 Give five characteristics of a good beverage manager and explain in your own words why these characteristics are important. (15) (i) People-oriented A beverage manager must be comfortable leading their employees and peeing with public . In ready food restaurants , some managers also work as cashiers.In fine dining establishments the manager is expected to walk the floor and talk to the patrons . At the aforesaid(prenominal) time they have to ensure their employees are working efficiently . If a customer has a complaint , its usually up to the manager to smooth things all over and make sure the customer w ants to return in the future . (ii) Honesty In some cases beverage managers work for the owner of the establishment , who has entrusted his/her managers with the restaurants profits and supplies . take from the establishment or other dishonesty is a fast way to lose the owners trust and make it difficult to find a similar pip in the future . (iii) Organized Advance preparation is a key success factor in restaurant operations. Beverage managers must be industrial-strength administrators . Your employees will rely on you to decide what days and times they are working and what their responsibilities are so scheduling staff hours is a key working class , as well as manipulation payroll. Your employees will expect to be paid regularly and at the same time each week or every two weeks , whatever the schedule is .(iv) Willing to key out and lead It will be the beverages managers responsibility to make sure the restaurant does not cheek liability issues, so he will need to stay up to date on safety certifications and management techniques. Employee retention can be a major success factor in the quality of services and reduce new employee expenses , such as training time , new uniforms and the time it takes to learn the job . (v) Flexiibility with hours His hours will depend on the venue for which he works. If he works in a restaurant or a prevention , he might at times need to work late at night .He must be prepared for all situations if his goal is to work in management . QUESTION 3 What is the difference between on-consumption and off-consumption of hard liquor ? (6) (i) On consumption On consumption liquor is liquor which can be sold and consumed on licensed premises. E. g hotels , clubs , and restaurants (ii) Off- consumption Off consumption liquor is liquor sold that is going to be consumed off the premises. Examples of these premises complicate shops , liquor producers and liquor stores. QUESTION 4 Why should the requirements of a bar control system be identified independently of the requirements of an account system ?(8) The requirements of a bar control system must be identified independently of the requirements of an invoice system because the bar control system is actually controlled by the accounting system . And the bar control system focuses on the stock available for the customers . A bar control system controls issues from the store or cellar . The accounting system ensures the compliance system with accounting policies and procedures . QUESTION 5 Explain the possible causes of discrepancies between gross sales at selling price on the bar liquor stock sheet and actual sales recorded.(10) Discrepancies in stock management refers to the difference between actual quantities of stock of material available in a bar and the available quantities as per stock records . Major causes of stock discrepancies are Any discrepancies between sales at selling price on the bar liquor stock sheet may indicate theft by employees or custom ers . Not taking stock takes occasionally and spontaneously. Actual liquor stock issued from the store being different from the quantity recorded . Actual quantity of liquor received from the store being different from the quantity recorded. hard liquor stored at the wrong place and therefore not considered during physical stock verification . Losses during storage for reasons such as evaporation and losses handling . Errors in ascertaining quantities physically available . Receipt or issues entries made in records under wrong item . There could be spillages . An employee could be over or under totting . QUESTION 6 If sales at cost price are R1650 and sales at selling price are R6600 (a) What is the percentage of cost of sales (show the formula you use ) ? (4) Cost/sales*100=cost of sales R1650/R6000*100 1 /4 25.= 25% cost of sales (b) What is the make profit percentage ? (2) 100%-% of cost of sales 100%-25% = 75% QUESTION 7 What is the difference between a cocktail and a trigger man ? (5) (i) Cocktail An pelter drink consisting of a spirit or several spirits mixed with other ingredients , such as fruit juices , lemonade , or cream (ii) A shooter a shooter is usually a mixed drink that amounts about 2 to 3 tots in a shot glass. They are generally rum quickly , rather than being sipped . QUESTION 8 Why do cocktails have the potential to improve the gross profits of the bar ?(4) Cocktails have a potential to improve the gross profits in a bar because they are pricey than any other liquor . Its easy to generate sales from the customer that you already have . This is were a good cocktail list can be a greatest asset . If someone comes in and orders a Campari and soda , and you can up-sell them to an Americano , everybody wins . Its also easy to create new and unique cocktails with a little something extra to entice the customers, which can easily sell. With cocktails its easy to cut be to increase profit without increasing sales volume. iQUESTION 9.Why woul d you want to bring down a cocktail ? (3) Garnishing a cocktail will add character or style to a cocktail as garnishes are decorative ournaments . You can garnish with eg carrot sticks , cherries , cinnamon , cocktail olives , pepper , salt etc QUESTION 10 Explain the difference between the persuade method and the lurch method of making cocktails . (8) (i) Shake method Is the method by which you use a cocktail arouser to mix ingredients together and chill them simultaneously. The prey is to almost freeze the drink whilst breaking down and combining the ingredients.Normally this is done with ice cubes three quarters of the way full . When you have poured in the ingredients , hold the shaker in both hands with one hand on top and one supporting the base and give a short, sharp, zippy shake (ii) Stir method Is a more gentle technique for mixing cocktails and is used to delicately combine the drinks with a perfect amount of dilution . You stir cocktails that use only distilled spi rits or very light mixers . Stirring takes longer than shaking to chill a drink. You can stir cocktails effectively with a metal or glass rod in a mixing glass.If ice is to be used , use ice cubes to prevent dilution , and strain the content into a glass when the surface of the mixing glass begins to collect condensation . QUESTION 11 What does the term bruising mean with regards to making cocktails ? (2) Its what happens when you shake a drink for too long. If you put your liquor in a shaker and then shake for a second the drink comes out cold . If you shake it for too long then the drink becomes bruised meaning there are pieces in the actual drink . QUESTION 12 Give the recipes for popular cocktails found on each of the following (nine recipes) .Rum , Brandy, Gin (15) (a) Rum (i) Daiquiri- 11/2 tots light rum (ii) Mojito-2tsp sugar 3/4ml lime hydrate juice 6-8mint leaves ? ml sugar syrup club soda 1 lime,halved 2 tots light rum Mint sprig for garnish (ii) Hurrcane-2 tots light rum 2tots dark rum 2oz passion fruit juice 1oz orange juice Juice of half a lime 1tbsp simple syrup 1tbsp grenadine Orange slice and cherry for garnish (b) Brandy (i) Apple Fizz-ice cubes (ii) sidecar ice cubes 2parts apple brandy 3tots brandy 5parts carbonated apple juice 3parts triple sec 50ml lemon juice 1part lemon or lime juice scum bag slice to garnish.(ii) Metropolitan cocktail- ice cubes 3tots brandy 2parts sweet vermouth Sugar syrup to taste 2 dashes Angostura bitters (c) Gin (i) Bring it home 2 tots original Nation Gin (iii) Delilah-11/2 tots Gin 11/2 tots Elder Flower Liquer ? tots Cointreau 11/2 measuresAlmond Syrup ? lemon juice 11/2 measures Lemon Juice Garnish Cherry and lemon wedge (ii) Cherry bitch- 6 tots Bulldog Gin 1bag black currant tea 3-5 fresh cherries ? measures lime juice ? measures apple juice 1 measure syrup Garnish orange peel twist QUESTION 13 As the bar man manager you are training a new bar man.Explain to him (or her ) in your own words how to se rve a whiskey and soda . (5) whiskey should be served always with some ice tray and soda. These are the two perquisite of serving whisky. Being high in alcohol content , whisky immingle requires spring water , and some tangy tinge. Different people like their whisky served in their own ways . So it would be a good idea if you place whisky with ice and soda in separate beakers . QUESTION 14 What glass would you use for serving Cognac or South African Liquer Brandy ? (1) Balloon Brandy Snifter Glass QUESTION 15 What is a Sambuco , why is it popular and how is it often served ?(3) Sambuco is an Italian liquor flavoured with maniseed that is often found in garner or white form . The most common way of serving sambuca is neat , on the rocks , with fresh water added or in coffee in place of sugar . Sambuca con mosca (neat with coffee beans floated atop) is a common Italian way . QUESTION 16 What is meant by the term binder with reference to a cigar ? (3) The binder is what keeps (or bi nds) the filler leaves together . It is also a tobacco leaf , usually having little or no flavour , which is used to bind and sustain the filler tobacco inside of a cigar.

Parle G

Parle G The following case study is from the Richard Ivey School of Business. It is about the development of a ahead(p) Indian biscuit producer, called Parle Products Pvt. Ltd. Company overview The telephoner was found in 1929 as a candy manufacturer and started producing biscuits in 1939. At this time except few processed and ready-to-eat food items were available. Parle G ar glucose biscuits and the fraternitys flag brand. It became the largest selling biscuit brand by volume in 2002.The company was apply a mass market dodging which is why the outlay of the Parle G biscuits has maintained 1$ per kilo since 1990. In 2009 the company had 74% of the market shares of the Indian glucose biscuit course of instruction. The biscuits were s sure-enough(a) in 2. 5 jillion outlets. Other brands of Parle Products Pvt. Ltd. are Marie in the tea time category and Hide n Seek and atomic number 23 other brands in the aid category. In 2008/2009 the company recorded sales revenues of I NR35 billion. 68 percent came from Parle G. The company is known all over India for religious pass spirited value for a low price (value for money).The convergences are available in India, Bangladesh and South Africa because the company had adopted a follow the costumer strategy in edict to maintain low marketing costs. The dickens main target groups are 5-14 year old children and their mothers next to institutions. Until 1992 there was only little competition in the sector when Surya Food & Agro Limited entered the market. From 1999 on several companies such as Britannia Industries Ltd. and Hindustan Unilever Ltd. withal entered the market because of the high potential in the premium category due to the change of income in Indian households.Problem statement Since 2004 the company had to deal with rising costs of the both main vulgar materials sugar and wheat. In 2004 the company move to get on the prices of its most popular product the 100g packet by 12. 5%. Within 6 m onth the sales dropped by more than 40%. In 2008 the raw material prices raised again. The management decided to do a hidden raise in price by reducing the weight of the 100g package slowly to 82. 5g without losing high sales. In 2009 the permissiveness from Parle G had fallen from 15 to 10% of the revenue within the last 18 years, which is why Parle G needs a new strategy.The consumers perception was rooted so strongly in the low price that it was undermining other product attributes such as quality and taste. This made it impossible to raise the price. The company tried to deal with this problem by changing to a cheaper promotion material and dealing directly with the raw material deliverers. Alternatives There are several approaches to restore the margins to minimum 15% of the revenues again. To evaluate the different strategies two criteria have been selected costs and time.One approach would be repositioning the brand as a qualitatively high and tasty product for which the c ostumers do not mind spending more money on. This strategy would be cost intensive and would take at least 12 18 month to see the showtime results. The brand excessively exists since 1939 which is why it would be very difficult to change peoples prescription of the brand. Therefore it is not the best strategy at this moment. The second strategy could be introducing product variations care for example with different flavours which can be sold for 20 25% more expensive than the linguistic rule Parle G.The costs for this would be high because of the different researches that have to be conducted, the increasing production costs and the coming(prenominal) marketing costs. It would take 6 12 month to introduce a new product. This is why this strategy is also not ideal. The third strategy is offering one more brand in the premium category because of the increasing necessitate in this sector. The fact that Parle Products Pvt. Ltd. already offers 6 brands in the premium category, as well as the high costs of research, production and marketing are the reason to dismiss this idea.It would also again take 6 12 month to introduce the new product which is why a better strategy needs to be found. Plan of Action Another approach would be offering only 4 or 5 instead of 12 different price categories to safe packaging costs. The costs for this action would be very low compared to the other strategies. The time this strategy needs would also be short which is why this a very good short term approach. In order to also find a long term strategy the idea of merchandise into more than 2 countries should be reconsidered. A brand can only grow to a certain point f it does not become an international brand. Parle G is at the point where it is no longer enough to only sell within India, Bangladesh and South Africa. The company has to expand in countries with a high amount of Indian citizens, low competition and an increasing demand in biscuits. Therefore several researches have to be conducted because this gradation is very costly and also very time intensive. But it is necessary for Parle Products Pvt. Ltd. to become a world-wide player in order to restore the margins to minimum 15% of the revenues again and to secure company offshoot within the next 15 20 years.Therefore both criteria time and money can be neglected. The best course of action is changing the offers from 12 to 4 price categories starting within the next 10 14 days as a short term plan. The long term plan is exporting Parle G into at least 3 different countries within the next 15 month and 10 countries within the next 3 years. The company should try to conquer the institutional sectors first by offering at least 5-7% discount on bulk purchases at the beginning and create a demand within the rest of the population (pull-concept).

Logical and Physical Data Models

The somatogenetic selective in causeation mannikin (PDM) hounds how the information represented in the Logical information regulate is actually implemented, how the information-exchange requirements argon implemented, and how the info entities and their relationships argon maintained. There should be a mapping from a given Logical Data Model to the somatogenic Data Model if both stupefys atomic number 18 utilize. The form of the corporal Data Model canful start step to the fore greatly, as exhibitionn in Figure 31. For well-nigh purposes, an additional entity-relationship style plat will be sufficient.The Data Definition Language (DDL) may in like manner be used. References to message format prototypes (which identify message types and options to be used) may suffice for message-oriented executions. (Getting information from the LDM in form of point) Descriptions of file formats may be used when file passing is the mode used to exchange information. Interoperati ng dodgings may use a variety of techniques to exchange entropy, and and so accommodate several distinct partitions in their strong-arm Data Model with each partition use a different form.The intention illustrates about options for expressing the sensual Data Model and an other tabular array (in the passe-partout document) rears a listing of the types of information to be captured. A somatogenetic info flummox (or infobase conception) is a deputation of a selective information design which takes into account the facilities and constraints of a given entropybase management system. In the lifecycle of a be sick it typically derives from a rational info model, though it may be reverse-engineered from a given selective informationbase slaying.A tell apart forcible info model will include all the selective informationbase artifacts required to create relationships between postpones or to fulfill performance goals, such as indexes, constraint definitions, linki ng submits, partiti unityd tables or clusters. Analysts can usually use a physical selective information model to calculate storage estimates it may include specific storage apportionment details for a given selective informationbase system. As of 2012 seven main databases dominate the commercial marketplace Informix, prophet, Postgres, SQL Server, Sybase, DB2 and MySQL.Other RDBMS systems pitch either to be legacy databases or used in spite of appearance academia such as universities or further education colleges. Physical data models for each death penalty would differ significantly, not least collectable to underlying operating-system requirements that may sit underneath them. For example SQL Server runs only on Microsoft Windows operating-systems, sequence Oracle and MySQL can run on Solaris, Linux and other UNIX-based operating-systems as well as on Windows.This means that the magnetic disk requirements, security requirements and m any other aspects of a physical data model will be influenced by the RDBMS that a database administrator (or an organization) chooses to use. Overview Logical data models represent the abstract expression of a domain of information. They atomic number 18 often diagrammatic in nature and argon most typically used in employment processes that seek to capture things of importance to an organization and how they relate to unrivalled another. Once validated and approved, the coherent data model can become the basis of a physical data model and inform the design of a database.Logical data models should be based on the structures identified in a preceding conceptual data model, since this describes the semantics of the information context, which the discursive model should also reflect. Even so, since the logical data model anticipates implementation on a specific computing system, the content of the logical data model is adjusted to achieve certain efficiencies. The term Logical Data Model is some meters used as a syn onym of field of study Model or as an alternative to the domain model.While the two concepts ar closely related, and have overlapping goals, a domain model is much focused on capturing the concepts in the problem domain rather than the structure of the data associated with that domain. History The ANSI/SPARC three level architecture, which shows that a data model can be an outdoor(a) model (or view), a conceptual model, or a physical model. This is not the only way to demeanor at data models, only it is a useful way, detailly when comparing models. 1 When ANSI first laid out the idea of a logical lineation in 1975,2 the choices were hierarchical and network.The relational model where data is depict in damage of tables and columns had just been recognized as a data organization theory further no computer softw be existed to support that approach. Since that date, an object-oriented approach to data modelling where data is described in terms of classes, allots, and ass ociations has also been introduced. Logical data model topics Reasons for building a logical data model * Helps popular understanding of c be data elements and requirements * Provides bringation for designing a database Facilitates avoidance of data redundancy and and so prevent data & vexation transaction inconsistency * Facilitates data re-use and sharing * Decreases development and maintenance cartridge holder and cost * Confirms a logical process model and helps impact analysis. Modeling benefits * Facilitates stemma process advance * Focuses on requirements independent of technology * Facilitates data re-use and sharing * Increases return on investment * Centralizes metadata * Fosters seamless communion between applications * Focuses communication for data analysis and project team members * Establishes a consistent naming schemeLogical & Physical Data Model A logical data model is sometimes incorrectly called a physical data model, which is not what the ANSI people had in mind. The physical design of a database involves deep use of particular database management technology. For example, a table/column design could be implemented on a allurement of computers, located in different parts of the world. That is the domain of the physical model. Logical and physical data models are real different in their objectives, goals and content. Key differences noted below. Logical Data Model Physical Data ModelIncludes entities (tables), attributes (columns/fields) and relationships ( give aways) Includes tables, columns, breaks, data types, validation rules, database triggers, stored maps, domains, and approach constraints Uses caper names for entities & attributes Uses more defined and less generic wine specific names for tables and columns, such as abbreviated column names, limited by the database management system (DBMS) and any company defined standards Is independent of technology (platform, DBMS) Includes master(a) keys and indices for fast data access. Is practiceized to fourth normal form(4NF) May be de-normalized to meet performance requirements based on the nature of the database. If the nature of the database is Online Transaction Processing(OLTP) or Operational Data Store (ODS) it is usually not de-normalized. De-normalization is commonality in Datawarehouses. A logical data model describes the data in as much detail as possible, without regard to how they will be physical implemented in the database. Features of a logical data model include * Includes all entities and relationships among them. wholly attributes for each entity are specify. * The aboriginal key for each entity is specified. * external keys (keys identifying the relationship between different entities) are specified. * Normalization occurs at this level. The steps for designing the logical data model are as follows 1. mean primary keys for all entities. 2. Find the relationships between different entities. 3. Find all attributes for each e ntity. 4. Resolve galore(postnominal)-to-many relationships. 5. Normalization. The figure below is an example of a logical data model.Logical Data Model Comparing the logical data model shown above with the conceptual data model diagram, we see the main differences between the two * In a logical data model, primary keys are present, whereas in a conceptual data model, no primary key is present. * In a logical data model, all attributes are specified within an entity. No attributes are specified in a conceptual data model. * Relationships between entities are specified using primary keys and unusual keys in a logical data model.In a conceptual data model, the relationships are simply stated, not specified, so we simply k nowadays that two entities are related, but we do not specify what attributes are used for this relationship. Logical Model contrive Physical Model Design Figure 5. A logical data model (Information Engineering notation). You also posit to identify the cardinali ty and optionality of a relationship (the UML combines the concepts of optionality and cardinality into the single concept of multiplicity). Cardinality represents the concept of how many whereas optionality represents the concept of whether you must have something. For example, it is not bounteous to know that customers place golf-clubs. How many orders can a customer place? None, one, or several? Furthermore, relationships are two-way streets not only do customers place orders, but orders are placed by customers. This leads to questions same how many customers can be enrolled in any given order and is it possible to have an order with no customer involved? Figure 5 shows that customers place zero or more orders and that any given order is placed by one customer and one customer only.It also shows that a customer lives at one or more addresses and that any given address has zero or more customers living at it. Although the UML distinguishes between different types of relationshi ps associations, inheritance, aggregation, composition, and dependency data modelers often arent as concerned with this issue as much as object modelers are. Subtyping, one application of inheritance, is often found in data models, an example of which is the is a relationship between Item and its two wedge shape entities Service and Product.Aggregation and composition are much less common and typically must be implied from the data model, as you see with the part of role that Line Item takes with Order. UML dependencies are typically a software construct and therefore wouldnt appear on a data model, unless of course it was a very highly detailed physical model that showed how views, triggers, or stored procedures depended on Logical Data Models (LDMs) represent data table (Entity Type) relationships. Logical Data Model Notations Entity Type Entity Type refers to a grouping of related data placed in an RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems) table.An entity is an instance of an entity type represented as a single row in a data table. Relationships and Multiplicity Relationships illustrate how two entity types are related. Cardinality specifies how many instances of an entity relate to one instance of another entity. Physical data model represents how the model will be built in the database. A physical database model shows all table structures, including column name, column data type, column constraints, primary key, foreign key, and relationships between tables. Features of a physical data model include * Specification all tables and columns. Foreign keys are used to identify relationships between tables. * Denormalization may occur based on user requirements. * Physical considerations may cause the physical data model to be quite different from the logical data model. * Physical data model will be different for different RDBMS. For example, data type for a column may be different between MySQL and SQL Server. Steps For Physical Data Model * substi tute entities into tables. * Convert relationships into foreign keys. * Convert attributes into columns. * Modify the physical data model based on physical constraints / requirements. Physical v/s logical Entity names are now table names. * Attributes are now column names. * Data type for each column is specified. Data types can be different depending on the actual database being used. Data mannequin is the act of exploring data-oriented structures. Like other fashion model artifacts data models can be used for a variety of purposes, from high-level conceptual models to physical data models (PDMs). Physical data moulding is conceptually similar to design class clay sculpture, the goal being to design the internal dodging of a database, depicting the data tables, the data columns of those tables, and the relationships between the tables. presents a partial PDM for the university you know that it isnt land up by the fact that the Seminar table includes foreign keys to tables that arent shown, and quite frankly its obvious that many domain concepts such as course and professor are clearly not modeled. All but one of the boxes represent tables, the one exception is UniversityDB which lists the stored procedures implemented within the database. Because the diagram is given the stereotype Physical Data Model you know that the class boxes represent tables, without the diagram stereotype I would have involve to use the stereotype Table on each table.Relationships between tables are modeled using standard UML notation, although not shown in the example it would be reasonable to model composition and inheritance relationships between tables. Relationships are implemented via the use of keys (more on this below). Figure 1. A partial PDM for the university. When you are physical data modeling the following tasks are performed in an iterative manner * Identify tables. Tables are the database analogous of classes data is stored in physical tables. As you can see in Figure 1 the university has a Student table to store school-age sister data, a Course table to store course data, and so on.Figure 1 uses a UML-based notation (this is a humankindly defined profile which anyone can permit input into). If you have a class model in place a good start is to do a matched mapping of your classes to data tables, an approach that works well in greenfield environments where you have the luxury of designing your database schema from scratch. Because this rarely happens in practice you need to be prepared to be constrained by one or more legacy database schemas which you will and so need to map your classes to.In these situations it is un the likely that you will need to do much data modeling, you will simply need to learn to live with the existing data sources, but you will need to be able to read and understand existing models. In some cases you may need to perform legacy data analysis and model the existing schema onward you can start working wit h it. * Normalize tables. Data normalization is a process in which data attributes within a data model are organized to increase the cohesion of tables and to reduce the match between tables. The fundamental goal is to ensure that data is stored in one and only one place.This is an eventful consideration for application developers because it is incredibly difficult to stores objects in a relational database if a data attribute is stored in several places. The tables in Figure 1 are in third normal form (3NF). * Identify columns. A column is the database equivalent of an attribute, and each table will have one or more columns. For example, the Student table has attributes such as FirstName and StudentNumber. Unlike attributes in classes, which can either be gross types or other objects, a column may only be a primitive type such as a char (a string), an int (integer), or a float. Identify stored procedures. A stored procedure is conceptually similar to a global method implemented by the database. In Figure 1 you see that stored procedures such as averageMark() and studentsEnrolled() are modeled as operations of the class UniversityDB. These stored procedures implement legislation that work with data stored in the database, in this case they calculate the average mark of a student and count the number of students enrolled in a given seminar respectively.Although some of these stored procedures clearly act on data contained in a single table they are not modeled as part of the table (along the lines of methods being part of classes). Instead, because stored procedures are a part of the overall database and not a single table, they are modeled as part of a class with the name of the database. * Apply naming conventions. Your organization should have standards and guidelines applicable to data modeling, and if not you should lobby to have some put in place.As always, you should follow AMs practice of Apply Modeling Standards. * Identify relationships. There are relationships between tables just like there are relationships between classes. The advice presented relationships in UML class diagrams applies. * Apply data model patterns. Some data modelers will apply common data model patterns, David Hays (1996) book Data Model Patterns is the best reference on the subject. Data model patterns are conceptually closest to analysis patterns because they describe solutions to common domain issues.Hays book is a very good reference for anyone involved in analysis-level modeling, even when youre taking an object approach instead of a data approach because his patterns model business structures from a wide variety of business domains. * Assign keys. A key is one or more data attributes that uniquely identify a row in a table. A key that is two or more attributes is called a composite key. A primary key is the preferred key for an entity type whereas an alternate key (also known as a secondary key) is an alternative way to access rows within a table. In a physical database a key would be formed of one or more table columns whose value(s) uniquely identifies a row within a relational table. Primary keys are indicated using the stereotype and foreign keys via . Read here for more about keys. Although similar notation is used it is interesting to note the differences between the PDM of Figure 21 and the UML class diagram from which is ti based 1. Keys. Where it is common practice to not model scaffolding properties on class models it is common to model keys (the data equivalent of scaffolding). 2. Visibility. Visibility isnt modeled for columns because theyre all public.However, because most databases support access control rights you may want to model them using UML constraints, UML notes, or as business rules. Similarly stored procedures are also public so they arent modeled either. 3. No many-to-many associations. Relational databases are unable to natively support many-to-many associations, unlike objects, and as a result you n eed to resolve them via the addition of an associatory table. The closest thing to an associative table in is WaitList which was introduced to resolve the on delay list many-to-many association depicted in the class diagram.A thin associative table is comprised of the primary key columns of the two tables which it maintains the relationship between, in this case StudentNumber from Student and SeminarOID from Seminar. keep an eye on how in WaitList these columns have both a PK and an FK stereotype because they make up the primary key of WaitList while at the same time are foreign keys to the other two tables. WaitList isnt truly an associative table because it contains non-key columns, in this case the Added column which is used to ensure that the first people on the waiting list are the ones that are given the opportunity to enroll if a seat becomes available.Had WaitList been a unclouded associative table I would have applied the associative table stereotype to it. Logical Ver sus Physical Database Modeling * March 14, 2001 * By Developer. com Staff * Bio * Send Email * More Articles After all business requirements have been gathered for a proposed database, they must be modeled. Models are created to visually represent the proposed database so that business requirements can easily be associated with database objects to ensure that all requirements have been completely and accurately gathered.Different types of diagrams are typically produced to illustrate the business processes, rules, entities, and organizational units that have been identified. These diagrams often include entity relationship diagrams, process flow diagrams, and horde model diagrams. An entity relationship diagram (ERD) represents the entities, or groups of information, and their relationships maintained for a business. Process flow diagrams represent business processes and the flow of data between different processes and entities that have been defined.Server model diagrams repres ent a detailed conniption of the database as being transformed from the business model into a relational database with tables, columns, and constraints. Basically, data modeling serves as a link between business needs and system requirements. Two types of data modeling are as follows * Logical modeling * Physical modeling If you are going to be working with databases, then it is important to understand the difference between logical and physical modeling, and how they relate to one another.Logical and physical modeling are described in more detail in the following subsections. * Post a discover * Email Article * Print Article * Share Articles Logical Modeling Logical modeling deals with fabrication business requirements and converting those requirements into a model. The logical model revolves around the needs of the business, not the database, although the needs of the business are used to establish the needs of the database. Logical modeling involves gathering information about business processes, business entities (categories of data), and organizational units.After this information is gathered, diagrams and reports are produced including entity relationship diagrams, business process diagrams, and eventually process flow diagrams. The diagrams produced should show the processes and data that exists, as well as the relationships between business processes and data. Logical modeling should accurately rescue a visual representation of the activities and data relevant to a particular business. Note Logical modeling affects not only the direction of database design, but also indirectly affects the performance and administration of an implemented database.When time is invested performing logical modeling, more options become available for planning the design of the physical database. The diagrams and livelihood generated during logical modeling is used to catch whether the requirements of the business have been completely gathered. Management, developers, and end users alike review these diagrams and documentation to determine if more work is required before physical modeling commences. Typical deliverables of logical modeling include * Entity relationship diagrams An Entity Relationship Diagram is also referred to as an analysis ERD.The point of the initial ERD is to provide the development team with a picture of the different categories of data for the business, as well as how these categories of data are related to one another. * Business process diagrams The process model illustrates all the parent and child processes that are performed by individuals within a company. The process model gives the development team an idea of how data moves within the organization. Because process models illustrate the activities of individuals in the company, the process model can be used to determine how a database application interface is design. * User feedback documentationPhysical Modeling Physical modeling involves the actual design of a da tabase according to the requirements that were established during logical modeling. Logical modeling mainly involves gathering the requirements of the business, with the latter part of logical modeling directed toward the goals and requirements of the database. Physical modeling deals with the conversion of the logical, or business model, into a relational database model. When physical modeling occurs, objects are being defined at the schema level. A schema is a group of related objects in a database. A database design effort is normally associated with one schema.During physical modeling, objects such as tables and columns are created based on entities and attributes that were defined during logical modeling. Constraints are also defined, including primary keys, foreign keys, other unique keys, and check constraints. Views can be created from database tables to summarize data or to simply provide the user with another perspective of certain data. Other objects such as indexes and s napshots can also be defined during physical modeling. Physical modeling is when all the pieces come together to complete the process of specify a database for a business.Physical modeling is database software specific, meaning that the objects defined during physical modeling can modify depending on the relational database software being used. For example, most relational database systems have variations with the way data types are represented and the way data is stored, although basic data types are conceptually the same among different implementations. Additionally, some database systems have objects that are not available in other database systems. Implementation of the Physical Model The implementation of the physical model is dependent on the ironware and software being used by the company.The hardware can determine what type of software can be used because software is normally highly-developed according to common hardware and operating system platforms. Some database softw are might only be available for Windows NT systems, whereas other software products such as Oracle are available on a wider range of operating system platforms, such as UNIX. The available hardware is also important during the implementation of the physical model because data is physically distributed onto one or more physical disk drives. Normally, the more physical drives available, the better the performance of the database after the implementation.Some software products now are Java-based and can run on virtually any platform. Typically, the decisions to use particular hardware, operating system platforms, and database software are made in conjunction with one another. A logical data model describes your model entities and how they relate to each other. A physical data model describes each entity in detail, including information about how you would implement the model using a particular (database) product. In a logical model describing a soul in a family tree, each person node would have attributes such as name(s), date of birth, place of birth, etc.The logical diagram would also show some kind of unique attribute or combination of attributes called a primary key that describes exactly one entry (a row in SQL) within this entity. The physical model for the person would contain implementation details. These details are things like data types, indexes, constraints, etc. The logical and physical model serve two different, but related purposes. A logical model is a way to turn tail your mental roadmap from a problem specification to an entity-based storage system.The user (problem owner) must understand and approve the logical model. A physical model is the roadmap from the logical model to the hardware. The developer (software owner) must understand and use the physical model. ERD roll a hospital Patients are treated in a single ward by the doctors appoint to them. Usually each patient will be assigned a single doctor, but in rare cases they will have tw o. Heathcare assistants also attend to the patients, a number of these are associated with each ward. initially the system will be concerned solely with drug treatment.Each patient is required to take a variety of drugs a certain number of times per day and for varying lengths of time. The system must render details concerning patient treatment and staff payment. Some staff are paid part time and doctors and care assistants work varying amounts of overtime at varying rates (subject to grade). The system will also need to track what treatments are required for which patients and when and it should be capable of calculating the cost of treatment per week for each patient (though it is currently unclear to what use this information will be put).

History of Gaming Essay

sport has been around since the late 1960s far later than I had scene, for me I had always thought that the Atari 2600 was the beginning(a) drama governance known to mankind, and after starting my research I found out how slander I was. In this partition of the teams paper I entrust discuss the different eccentric persons of this engineering thought it history.In 1967 the starting signal sport sympathize with invariably so was created and was named the Brown Box. A German born telly engineer Ralph Baer and his colleagues created the Brown Box which worked on your basic standard television set. Working with a steady c each(prenominal)ed Sanders Associates, Baer along with co-workers drew up schematics for a gamy which was called the chase plunk for, and they built a vacuum thermionic valve circuit that plug ined to the television. Two act uponers controlled two squ argons that basically chased each other on the screen, at that point in metre drama was born. Bae r and his associates later added a light fun and developed a total of 12 games for the Brown Box. Fast forward five geezerhood after Baer and his associates created the Brown Box, Magnavox began turnout of the Magnavox Odyssey. The Odyssey was called the first commercial tv-game console and was tradeed in Magnavox TV dealerships. The Odyssey used six t nonpareil arms to play up to cardinal games.The Odyssey down expunge is that numerous TV dealers didnt see any potential in it and along with the dour rumor that it unaccompanied worked in Magnavox televisions hurt the popularity of the period of play systems. In 1972 Nolan Bushnell founded Atari and three categorys later in 1975, they had their first bang up hit with an colonnade game called Pong. Atari sold a home version of the game Pong through Sears chthonic the Sears Tele-games label. What do Pong unique was that it produced an on-screen score and sound all by single chip. With his first system Nolan Bushnell and Atari shot to the top of syndicate drama. Knowing that some of not anything netly forever especially a single game system popularity, Nolan Bushnell and Atari started working on a cartridge based system, champion that could play multiple games. In 1976 Bushnell Sold Atari to Warner Communications, and Warner immediately backed the Atari project, and the Atari VCS later renamed the Atari 2600 was introduced.The Atari was a macroscopical hit and had multiple game hits to go along with it, hits identical the ever popular pose Invaders, Breakout, Missile Command, and Combat just to name a few. Atari was the first ever massed produced home video childs play system, selling 400,000 systems and hitting sales figures of $120 million dollars during the first Christmas season in 1977. In 1980 Mattel released Intellivision, and was the first to take a run at Ataris gamming thrown. This sparked what some would like to call a console war between Atari and Mattel. Intellivision featured better game prowess and synthesized voices in video games. Both systems brought on other game developers like Coleco and Activision, but with so many of the games being unlicensed games and no household system lead to playing period industry crash in 1983-84 cause in many companies to commove bankruptcy. Nintendo, a Japanese based company became part of the gaming industry in 1985 with its release of the Nintendo diversion System.With some of the just about popular titles ever like Super Mario Brothers, Metroid, and Legend of Zelda and that of third party games like Tecmo Bowl and RBI baseball, the NES turned the non-believers that didnt think it was a good idea to get into gaming after a crash, into believers. In 1987 Sega released its gaming system which dwarfed the capabilities that its predecessor, the NES, had offered. It was called the MasterSystem but it didnt make the splash that many in the Sega camp had thought it would make, due to its lack of third-party games and o ther things it was the demise of the MasterSystem and the first failing of Sega. Sega went presently back to the drawing board and soon after released its first hit the Sega Genesis in 1989. plump for by many game developers like Electronic Arts, the Sega Genesis opened the door for the first ever battle for supremacy for gaming dominance.Four years after the release of the Nintendo Entertainment System, Nintendo released its second smash hit, with the Gameboy. Gameboy was dubbed the as the first ever giveheld gaming console and had a black and white screen. Tetris one of the most popular Gameboy games ran the Gameboy sales through the roof. With many make-overs throughout the course of history Gameboy continued to tarry relevant in gaming. 1990 was the release of SNKs Neo-Geo a 24 instant home gaming system that was express to be many years ahead of its competitors and its time. The Neo-Geo had one problem, it wasnt 2-D artistic production those were great, it wasnt its arca de level quality that was what everyone wanted, it was neither of those two things that helped the Neo-Geo fail it was its $650.00 price tag and its $200.00 games that took the Neo-Geo from great innovation to under achiever. In 1991 Nintendo releases the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.Beaten to the punch by Sega with its gaming system the Sega Genesis, the 16 bit SNES had some catching up to do. It wasnt long before the SNES convey to its technological superiority, had overtaken the Sega Genesis thanks to its big name games like Super Mario Brothers, Metroid, and Zelda. By the end of the 90s Sega Genesis was no to a greater extent than an afterthought for SNES who had taken over the 16 bit era and the gaming industry. It wasnt money box the year 1995 that Nintendo again was challenged for its gaming dominance. Sony introduced the Sony PlayStation a 32 bit CD-ROM based engineering science and has been express to be the most popular gaming system ever. The games had three d imensional gameplay much better than the 2-D of the past. What was the most attraction to any gamer was the price of the games which dramatically dropped compared to those of cartridge based games. It was in like manner in 1995 the second daytime of September that the Sega franchise basically started its demise.This day marked the release of the Sega Saturn, which was dubbed the best worst system, according to many. Because it was pushed up to get out ahead of the newly announced PlayStation 2, it gave the Sony corporation time to sit back and elaborate the upcoming PlayStation 2 and learn from the mistakes that the Sega Saturn was making. In 1996 the Nintendo franchise countered the PlayStation with the Nintendo64, the last cartridge based system. Although the cartridges loaded quick than the CD-ROMS of PlayStation the Nintendo64 couldnt even keep up with the amount of games that were released for the PlayStation, leaving the PlayStation on top of the gaming for the time being. It was in 1998 when Sega made its final push as a contender in the world of gaming with its release of the CD-based system Dreamcast, which incorporated a 128-bit processing system.The Dreamcast was the first system that had a modem which allowed for internet connectivity that brought on the ability to play online, download extra content and updated to the system itself. This would be the last time that anyone would here from the Sega franchise in the console industry. In 2001 Sega discontinued the Dreamcast and announced that it would be leaving the console market for good and taking its Sonic franchise with them. Four years after the release of the Nintendo64 and five years after the first initial PlayStation, Sony releases its second version of the PlayStation 2. The first 128 bit system featured backward compatibility allowing the PS2 to play the older PlayStations games, and also could be used as a DVD player. Not totally was the PS2 named most popular 128 bit system but wi th its release it marked the rise of console popularity compete over the internet. 2001 was the introduction of the old guy with a new system and the new take in on the block in gaming.Nintendo hit the gaming market again going away from its usual cartridge based systems and introducing its first ever CD based system. The GameCube was marketed much for the younger demographics and is verbalize to be what made the system flop and sell short. Along with the inability to connect to the internet it was called a one invocation pony and was shadower in the gaming world and home entertainment systems. The now new kid on the block Microsoft introduced its own gaming system the X-box. The PC giant used PC engine room when building the X-Box which allowed for greater performance. Although the X-Boxs technology proved greater performance when compared to that of the 128 bit PS2 it still remained behind the number of sales that the PS2 had leaving Sony alone at that top of the gaming wo rld.In 2002 Nintendo stepped back in with the Gameboy Advance and again in 2004 with the Nintendo DS. Some would argue and go as far as to swear that all Nintendo did was step on its on toes with how they released the two versions so closely together. By doing so experts say that they made the Gameboy obsolete by releasing the DS so soon. Playstation soon joined Nintendo in the hand held gaming evolution, challenging Nintendos dominance. The PlayStation Portable like the Gameboy and DS featured wireless capability, exalted graphics and non-gaming functions pantomimeking PC-based devices. 2005 also marked the release of the Microsoft X-Box 360. The processing power of the X-Box 360 was said to be unrivaled, and all came with an familiar to a great extent beat, played DVDs and had the ability to connect four controllers at one time wirelessly, as well as connecting to the internet.The Nintendo Wii was released in 2006 and featured a built in WiFi for online game play, wireless controllers and Bluetooth. The wireless controllers werent new to gaming but what Nintendo did bring to the table with their wireless controllers was the motion sensor technology, allowing the game to mimic the performance of the actual player. 2006 is also when the Sony franchise again exerted its dominance and rivaled back against Microsoft X-Box 360 with the PlayStation 3. The PS3 came with an internal hard drive as well and the ability not only to play DVDs but also Blue Ray DVD, along with its ability to connect to the internet wirelessly and connect multiple controllers wirelessly, it is said to be still atop the gaming industry, but again thats all in who you ask.These two systems, PlayStation 3 and X-Box 360, along with the Nintendo Wii brings us to where we are now with gaming in what is called the 8th Generation of gaming. Every year the three gaming giants Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo continue to wow us with different and greater gaming innovation that keeps the contesta tion for gaming dominance going on and going strong.In the last few years the X-Box 360 stepped up the gaming war and has released technology that gets rid of the hand held controllers all together The Kinect from Microsoft has really stepped up its technology and has gotten rid of the controller period. The Kinect set the Guinness Book of World Record for the fastest gaming system ever and keep an eye ons highly recommended by many consumers and game developers.Recently it was reported that Microsoft X-Box 360 is looking to compete with cable television providers announcing that its consoles get out allow the gamer to watch television through it. All of the consoles allow you to watch things like meshing Flicks and get on the internet and surf the net, but rivaling cable providers thats a big step. I look for Sony and Nintendo to sit back and wait to see where this goes before they follow in the footsteps of Microsoft, as they require previously done, but I dont think they will jump right on board with this because of fear of failure and losing money. If you are a gamer a hardcore gamer you cook to be enkindle for the future of gaming, from a standpoint it looks bright and exciting. With rumors of Sony releasing the Playstation 4 and the system having touch screen technology it has all the gamers grinning from ear to ear about what the future of gaming in truth may be. swordplay has already developed full 3D gaming technology and 3D motion sensors and powerful graphics and they look to continue to improve upon these technologies.Many have argued that consoles in the future will eventually fall by the wayside making way for hand held portable gaming to be the dominate gaming systems in the future. Of course this upsets many hardcore gamers because they dont see that as being a plus since many like to play their games on a larger scaled screen. With that being said many say the IPhone 8 will probably be the future of gaming and going as far as to say it although it is a hand held device it will be able to strumpet into a television set or even connect wirelessly to continue to give that big game experience. Many say that the future of gaming is mobile, digital, and cloud gaming. The better gaming system is said to be one that you can take anywhere and everywhere. Most of the time even of if home many gamers are even using mobile gaming at home, some experts say up to 47% of gamers are mobile gaming even at home. Mobile gaming is not just the casual gaming it used to be and has changed the way all gamers view games.Spending approximately 16 hours a calendar week compared to that of the 18 hours of traditional gaming some say digital is the way of the future and hardware doesnt matter anymore. The type of hardware you use never really ever did matter, it has always been about the software. ironware will be less and less relevant in the future and it will be more about the software. With cloud gaming it is becoming more and more of a reality and with two invitee services already launched it is coming along full circle. The angle of cloud gaming is to offer high definition gaming on any television or device that can receive a broadband signal with even high-end games that can be played on devices that get low power. In a CNNTech report back in September of 2008 had reported that a future release of the Emotiv EPOC headset. The Emotiv EPOC headset is said to be the first Brain Computer Interface and would be able to pick up on over 30 different expressions all by processing real time brain activity.With this technology many enthusiast say that this type of technology makes movies like The Matrix and the Star Trek Holodeck more of a reality in the future. Me personally I am kind of skeptical about that type of technology, and even though experts say that being able to control a computer with your mind is the ultimate quest of human to machine interaction, I still dont feel any better. In those movies, well all except Star Trek, the machine had a way to take over. So all I see is me playing the video game and the machine taking over my mind and it domineering me and then the earth being run by machines. Well that is how it works in the movies hopefully this wont be the case. The goal of this though is for the interactions of machines to mimic the way interaction with humans and they say it will ultimately bring communities closer together, so I bet that is one thing we will have to wait to see in the future.So with that being said there is no clear land way to know which way the future of gaming is actually going, but seeing how far it has come since the Brown Box it is very interesting to sit back and see what the technology produces. At one point in time it was all about transistors and diodes and now its about multiple processors, internal memory, and real life graphics. Whats more gaming consoles are no longer just gaming consoles they are now the full true definition of Home Entert ainment, with internet connection, streaming music and video and HDD, it is truly a new age for gaming. fond media and social networks has become a big part of many of our lives, well I really should say all of our lives. With that gaming has also being a part of that as it is being input into the Social Medias like Facebook.Many game makers look to theses Social Medias to see exactly what the gamers are taking to and what they are not taking to. World of Warcraft is one of those who uses social media to help them develop more of what they think users want to see and how they want the game to operate and it is actually one of the largest virtual game worlds due to just that along with Second Life which heralds itself as a virtual social world. Social Medias focus on building blocks, identity, conversation, sharing, presence, relationships, reputation, and groups, and many gaming systems that can connect to the World Wide Web can do just that.These gaming technologies give you the opportunity to learn with others from around the world no matter where they may be. Facebook has gaming that lets you connect with others and build a call down or a city and share with each other and allows you to help keep up person elses farm, building relationships with people anywhere anytime. No matter what you think about gaming and the gaming technology it has come a long way from where it started and there is no telling where it will go. It is a mainstay in the lives of many of people and I am sure that the technology will only get better or more interesting from here into the future.I do myself wonder what is adjacent will the whole computer to brain interaction ever come full circle or is it just a past thought. Will Microsoft, Sony and Nintendo continue to stay on top or will a unknown company come along and knock all of them off the throne. I guess all we can do is sit back watch wait and see what that next big technology is and who will be the first to come out with it. Right now its more or less of a waiting game, the Kinect was a big jump and gaming technology and, I love to sit and watch my kids play on it, I have even been known to play on it myself, gaming technology is what keeps many of us known and connected so there is postal code wrong with that.Works CitedAdmin. (2012). The History of goggle box Game Consoles. computergameoffer.com. Bellis, M. (n.d.). Computer and Video Game History. About.com. Edwards, B. (2009). 30 geezerhood of Handheld Game Systems. PC World. Johnson, J. (2008). From Atari Joy Board to Wii fit. BBG.Melanson, D. (2006). A Brief History of Handheld Video games. engadget.

Intro to Finance Essay

An efficient monetary system promotes intermediaries that successfully link savers from borrowers (Mankiw). There are two widely-known financial intermediaries namely the banks and mutual specie. Banks are highly accessible to the general public are generally more(prenominal) cost advantageous that direct lending. Generally, the banks briny purpose in the economy is to take in deposits from savers and single-valued function these deposits to launch loans to people who want to borrow (Mankiw, N. Gregory, 2001, Principles of Economics, p. 557).Banks incur costs by paying interest on these deposits and earn from these by charging higher interest rates on loan borrowers. Second to this, banks play an crucial role in the economy as they facilitate the purchases of goods and services by allowing people to write checks against their deposits (Mankiw, N. Gregory, 2001, Principles of Economics, p. 557). In this manner, the economy improvements from banks by this accessible medium of ex change. Unlike stocks or bonds which are not as immediate, checks make it easier for the public to exercise their monetary transactions.Mutual funds, on the other hand, are institutions that use the proceeds of merchandising shares in buying portfolios of stocks and bonds where they derive their profits. The financial markets become more accessible and efficient because mutual funds allow people with small savings to become owners and creditors of numerous companies. Also, mutual funds allow its shareholders the benefit of risk diversification wherein a single fund can carry a roster of several(a) portfolios in stocks and bonds.A broker can either be an individual or a somatic entity that earns a fee-based profit by performing buy and sell orders from investors and/ or clients. A good typesetters case of this is a brokerage firm that specializes in trading company stocks and securities. A brokers main functions in the financial market would include basic execution of buying and s elling shares, and financial consultive to clients regarding the management of their shares/ stocks. With the emergence of automation and popular online brokerage firms, traditional brokers have redefined their place in the industry. nigh popular online brokerage firms such as Ameritrade and E*Trade offer lower fees to investors as foreign to traditional brokers. Financial and Investment Advisory are also automated online via innovative investment software product tools. With information becoming more accessible because of the internet, traditional brokers are now transitioning into online brokers wherein online orders are still routed to and monitored by them and with reduced client-interface for advisories.